PMT flashcards chapter 11

• What does nomenclature mean?

  The system used for naming organic compounds
• What does the term empirical formula mean?

  Simplest whole number ratio of atoms
• What does the term molecular formula indicate?

  It provides the actual number of atoms
• What does the term displayed formula show?

  It shows every atom and every bond
• What does the term structural formula represent?

  It shows the arrangement of atoms without bonds
• What is a skeletal formula?

  A type of formula drawn as lines
• What defines a homologous series?

  Same functional group, differing by CH2
• What is a functional group?

  A group of atoms responsible for reactions
• What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

  Hydrocarbon with straight or branched chains
• What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

  Hydrocarbons in non-aromatic rings
• What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

  Hydrocarbon containing at least one benzene ring
• What are the suffixes for organic compounds?

  • No double bonds: -ane
  • At least one double bond: -ene
  • An alcohol: -ol
  • An aldehyde: -al
  • A ketone: -one
  • A carboxylic acid: -oic acid
• What are the prefixes for common organic groups?

  • CH3 group: methyl-
  • C2H5 group: ethyl-
  • C3H7 group: propyl-
  • C4H9 group: butyl-
  • Cl group: chloro-
  • Br group: bromo-
  • I group: iodo-
• What is the general formula of alkanes?

  $C_nH_{2n+2}$
• What is the general formula of alkenes?

  $C_nH_{2n}$
• What is the general formula of alcohols?

  $C_nH_{2n+1}OH$
• What does saturated mean in organic chemistry?

  Organic compounds with only single bonds
• What are unsaturated compounds?

  Compounds with at least one double bond
• What is structural isomerism?

  Same molecular formula, different structural formula
• What are the ways structural isomers can be formed?

  1. Alkyl groups in different places
  2. Functional groups bonded to different parts
  3. Different functional groups present
• What are stereoisomers?

  Same molecular formula, different atom arrangement
• What is E-Z isomerism?

  Limited rotation about C=C double bonds
• How are E and Z isomers differentiated?

  By the position of highest atomic number substituents
• What is Cis-trans isomerism?

  Special type of E/Z isomerism with same substituents
• What is homolytic fission?

  Each bonding atom receives one electron
• What is heterolytic fission?

  One bonding atom receives both electrons
• What are radicals?

  Highly reactive, neutral species
• How is a covalent bond formed from two radicals?

  The radicals collide and form a bond