week 5

• What are the main classifications of protozoa?

  Ciliates, Flagellates, Apicomplexa, Amoebae
• How do ciliates move?

  They use hair-like structures called cilia
• What is the primary mode of nutrition for protozoa?

  They can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
• What is the scientific name for the organism that causes malaria?

  Plasmodium sp.
• Which protozoan is known to cause sleeping sickness?

  Trypanosoma spp.
• What is the transmission method for Giardia lamblia?

  Ingestion
• What are the general principles of protozoan diseases regarding transmission?

  Transmission can occur via ingestion, vectors, sexual contact, transovarial, and placental routes
• Which vector is associated with Plasmodium sp. transmission?

  Anopheles sp.
• What disease is caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

  Toxoplasmosis
• What is the role of Ixodes scapularis in protozoan diseases?

  It is a host for Babesia bovis
• What are the diseases associated with Trypanosoma spp.?

  Sleeping sickness and Chagas disease
• What is the primary vector for Leishmania spp.?

  Phlebotomine sandfly
• What are the symptoms of malaria caused by Plasmodium spp.?

  Fever, chills, and sweating
• What is the life cycle stage of Plasmodium that undergoes schizogony?

  Sporozoites
• What is the significance of the Duffy antigen in malaria?

  It is required for Plasmodium invasion
• How does the presence of sickle cell trait affect malaria infection?

  It provides some protection against malaria
• What is the role of circumsporozoite protein in malaria?

  It aids in the invasion of host cells

  
• What are the possible outcomes of Toxoplasmosis infection during the first trimester?

  Ocular abnormalities, brain damage, fetal death
• What is the primary treatment for complex cases of Toxoplasmosis?

  Pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine and folinic acid
• What is the vector for Chagas disease?

  Triatomine bugs
• What are the two stages of human disease in Chagas disease?

  Acute stage and chronic stage
• What are the symptoms of the acute stage of Chagas disease?

  Swelling at the site of infection
• What is the role of glycosomes in Trypanosoma spp.?

  They contain enzymes for ATP generation
• What is the primary vector for Leishmaniasis?

  Phlebotomine sandfly
• What are the symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?

  Fever, weight loss, spleen and liver enlargement
• What are the general principles of protozoan infection?

  • Identify basic principles of protozoal disease
  • Describe structural features of protozoa influencing pathogenesis
  • Appreciate differences in lifecycles of pathogenic protozoa
  • Understand pathogenesis of human disease through case studies
• What are the transmission methods for protozoan diseases?

  • Ingestion
  • Vectors
  • Sexual contact
  • Transovarial
  • Placental
• What are the types of Leishmaniasis?

  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis
  • Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
  • Visceral leishmaniasis

  
• What are the symptoms of Toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals?

  • Pneumonia
  • Cerebral calcification
  • Nephritis
  • Skin rashes
• What are the symptoms of American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)?

  • Acute stage: swelling at infection site
  • Chronic stage: cardiac symptoms, megaviscera
• What are the symptoms of Human African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)?

  • Weight loss
  • Neurological impairment
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Fever and severe headaches
• What are the protective conditions against malaria?

  • Sickle cell trait
  • Thalassemia
  • Lack of Duffy factor
  • Glucose-6-dehydrogenase deficiency
• What are the stages of the malaria life cycle?

  1. Sporozoites
  2. Schizogony
  3. Trophozoites
  4. Gametocytes

  
• What are the symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis?

  • Skin sores
  • Raised edges and central crater
• What are the outcomes of Toxoplasmosis infection during the third trimester?

  • Milder symptoms
  • Brain and eye tissue damage
  • Developmental problems
• What are the characteristics of Trypanosoma brucei?

  • Causes African trypanosomiasis
  • Transmitted by tsetse fly
  • Symptoms may appear months after infection

  
• What are the characteristics of Trypanosoma cruzi?

  • Causes Chagas disease
  • Transmitted by triatomine bugs
  • Symptoms include swelling and cardiac issues
• What are the characteristics of Leishmania spp.?

  • Obligate intracellular parasites
  • Transmitted by female sandflies
  • Can cause cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral disease
• What are the characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii?

  • Obligate intracellular parasite
  • Causes flu-like illness
  • Complex pathology in at-risk hosts

  
• What are the characteristics of Plasmodium spp.?

  • Causes malaria
  • Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes
  • Undergoes a complex life cycle