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Biochemistry
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Cards (308)
What is biochemistry sometimes called?
Biological chemistry
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What does biochemistry study?
Chemical processes in living organisms
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What are the four main types of biomolecules?
Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
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Why study proteins?
They perform essential
biological
functions
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What is the role of enzymes in biological systems?
Catalyze nearly all chemical reactions
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What is the function of myoglobin?
Transport and store oxygen in muscles
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What is collagen's role in the body?
Provides mechanical support to skin and bones
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How do antibodies function in the immune system?
Recognize and combine with
invading
substances
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What is the role of insulin in the body?
Controls growth and gene expression
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What are proteins made of?
Polymers of amino acids
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What is the significance of protein folding?
Determines the protein's
3D structure
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What is pH a measure of?
Concentration of
hydrogen ions
in solution
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What is the physiological pH range for most bodily fluids?
6.5
to
7.5
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What does the dissociation of acid molecules release?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
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What is the dissociation constant (Ka) used for?
Defining the strength of an
acid
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What does pKa represent?
The pH at which half of the
acid
is
dissociated
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What is the pKa of weak acetic acid?
4.8
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What is the pKa of strong hydrochloric acid?
-7
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What form do amino acids predominantly exist in at neutral pH?
As
zwitterions
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What happens to the carboxyl group of amino acids at pH 7.0?
It is
deprotonated
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What happens to the amino group of amino acids at pH 7.0?
It is
protonated
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What occurs during pH titration of amino acids?
Protons
are lost as pH increases
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What is the primary structure of a protein?
The
amino acid
sequence of the protein
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Why is knowing the amino acid sequence important?
It is essential for understanding
protein function
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What can alterations in amino acid sequence lead to?
Abnormal
protein
function and disease
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What does the sequence of a protein reveal?
Information about its
evolutionary
history
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What forms when two amino acids link together?
A
peptide bond
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What is a polypeptide chain?
A series of
amino acids
joined by
peptide bonds
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What are the ends of polypeptide chains called?
Amino terminal
and
carboxyl terminal
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What is the primary sequence of a protein?
The order of
amino acids
in the chain
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Why is the primary structure essential?
It determines the protein's 3D structure
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What can changes in amino acid sequence indicate?
Potential
evolutionary
adaptations
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How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?
20
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What dictates the properties of an amino acid?
The
R-group
(side chain)
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What is the R-group of glycine?
-
H
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What is unique about glycine?
It shows no chirality
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What is the R-group of alanine?
-
CH3
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What type of amino acid is proline?
Non-polar
and
hydrophobic
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How does proline affect protein conformation?
Imposes tight
restraints
due to
rigidity
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What is the R-group of serine?
-CH2-OH
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