Mary

• There is no evidence to suggest that there was a storng reaction against the burnings , mary was able to recruit laymen such as the Earl of Derby and Sir John Tyrell to hunt heretics  
• How many people were burnt to death in 4 years

  280
• Burnings mainley took place in the south east, nearly half of them in london, canterbury and colchester  alone
• The statute permitting the burning of heretics was passed in 1401, however Mary took it to an unprecedented level, her reign was the most intense period of christian persecution in English history  
• Mary's parliament had to renact the act and revive the law, although intially opposed by House of Lords, it was revived in 1554 and was carried out in 55. At this point, protestants fled and exiled 
• Mary's religious outlook was not particularily rare for the 16th century, all christians believed that there was just one true faith, and it was necessary to purge the nation of such heresy  
• However Mary took the law to it's furthest, even her husband, a fanatical catholic, advised her to have more moderation 
• Mary's government needed to control religious wrighting because by supressing the protestant word, it would prevenet the problem from escalating and more people being affected. It was estimated that 19,000 copies of the 1552 prayer book were in circulation, which was plenty to sustain a protestant underground. However, most protestant writings were published abroad and outweighed the Marian ones.  
• The North had a strong catholic hold
• Most protestants died without recanting their faith
• Mary believed that the changes of the last 2 decades were the work of a small group of desperate heretics which could be easily swept away. Protestantism among some of the population proved to be more deep rooted 
• The policy was to burn Protestants in public in their own localities backfired because people tended to feel sympathy for their neighbours 
•  Leading Protestant bishops were arrested and burnt – Cranmer, Hooper, Ridley and Latimer  - effectively dismantling leadership  
• Foreign Protestant theologians at Oxford and Cambridge were expelled. 
• The 12 Decrees of the London Synod were mainly concerned with discipline
• papal supremacy was restored in 1554
• Second Act of Repeal removed all Protestant changes of Henry VIII’s reign apart from restoring monastic land
• about 800 protestants fled
• Monastically, the Marian reformation was a failure, only 7/800 monasteries were restored  

   
• Pole failed to restotre a sense of mystery or wonder in peoples catholic worhsip, he concentrated too much on discipline and finance and forgot what was important to people, Jesus,  

  People saw the burning and visitations, not the positive side of reform  
• counterfactual history = what if?
• How many copies of the 1552 prayer book were estimated to be in circulation

  19,000
• Mary‘s established aims

  • undo the religious changes made since 1529
  • Restore traditional catholic practices
  • Re-establish monasteries
  • End clerical marriage
  • Secure a long term future for Catholicism with an heir
• Mary was welcomed with enthusiasm, bells were rung and parliament opened with a mass even though it was illegal
• What did Mary use to suspend the second act of uniformity and and restore mass

  The royal prerogative
• • Parliament met in October 1553, but refused to repeal the Act of Supremacy
  • However it did pass the Act of Repeal which undid Edwards changes
• In the spring of 1554, which traditional Catholic practised did the royal injunctions restore 


  • Holy days
  • Processions
  • Ceremonies
• Initial attempts to restore the heresy laws in April 1554 were rejected parliament
• Which act repealed all religious legislation since 15299

  The Second Act of Repeal
• The return of Cardinal Pole to England was followed by the introduction of a number of positive measures to increase the appeal of catholocism
• Cardinal Pole’ reforms

  • Bishops ordered to complete regular visitations and check clerical behaviour
  • The London Synod was established
  • Pole ordered new publications including a Catholic New Testament and Book of Homilies
  • Pole wanted seminaries in every diocese
• What new publications did pole order

  • Catholic New Testament
  • Book of Homilies
• seminaries 


  training colleges for roman catholic presits
• Wyatt’s rebellion

  • sometimes seen as evidence of the unpopularity of Mary’s religious policy, but it began before any serious change was implemented
  • It was more likely directed towards Mary’s marriage to Phillip of Spain
• The Marian Exiles

  • in total 800 Protestants exiled
• The Burning of Cranmer can be seen as a personal score for Mary
• Where did most of the burnings take place

  south east
• Mary’s religious background

  • Mary had only accepted the Royal Supremacy of her father under duress
  • Cardinal Pole encouraged her to view her life in terms of a divine purpose, to bring England back to its true faith
• 23 August

  An altar and cross were brought out and mass was celebrated at St Nicholas Cole Abbey in London, the next day, six London churches followed, not out of commandment bit devotion
• Mary’s advisors

  • Gardiner was uncertain about the return to papal supremacy
  • Charles V and Pope Julius III urged caution to avoid unrest
  • For Phillip and Pole, reconciliation with Rome was the priority