Upper GI

• What is Gastro Oesophageal Reflux Disease commonly known as?

  Acid reflux
• What does GORD involve?

  Reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus
• What are some symptoms of GORD?

  Chronic cough and laryngitis
• What are some complications of GORD?

  Stricture, Barrett’s oesophagus, and carcinoma
• What are some causes of GORD?

  Obesity, genetic factors, and lifestyle
• What is a common symptom of GORD?

  Retrosternal heartburn
• What diagnostic procedure is used for GORD?

  Endoscopy (gastroscopy)
• What does non-erosive GORD mean?

  Symptoms present but endoscopy is normal
• What is erosive oesophagitis?

  Esophageal inflammation with mucosal erosions
• What is functional dyspepsia classified as?

  A gut-brain disorder
• What abnormalities are associated with functional dyspepsia?

  Delayed gastric emptying and visceral sensitivity
• How can the gut-brain axis be impacted?

  By diet, stress, and emotional responses
• What is the Rome IV criteria focused on?

  Identifying symptoms over a specific duration
• What are the non-pharmacological treatments for GORD and FD?

  • Smoking cessation
  • Healthy eating
  • Avoiding fatty, acidic, or fried foods
  • Reducing alcohol and caffeine
  • Weight reduction
  • Stress reduction
  • Raising the head of the bed
  • Regular aerobic exercise
• What is the initial management for GORD and FD?

  Reducing dose or switching medications
• What are examples of medications for GORD and FD?

  Antimuscarinics and corticosteroids
• What is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI)?

  A medication that reduces stomach acid
• What are short-term side effects of PPIs?

  Constipation, diarrhea, and headache
• What are long-term side effects of PPIs?

  Increased risk of gastric cancer and infections
• What is Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?

  Open sores in the gastrointestinal lining
• What causes peptic ulcers?

  Infection with H. pylori and NSAIDs
• What is a common complication of PUD?

  Upper GI bleed
• What are risk factors for NSAID-induced GI injuries?

  Age over 65 and history of peptic ulcer
• What are direct mechanisms of NSAID-induced GI damage?

  Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
• What are symptoms of upper GI conditions?

  Heartburn, bloating, and nausea
• What are red flags in upper GI symptoms?

  Unintentional weight loss and anemia
• What is the purpose of endoscopy?

  To visualize specific sections of the GI tract
• What is the management for NSAID-induced PUD?

  Stop NSAID and treat with PPI
• What should be done if H. pylori is present?

  Give eradication therapy after treatment
• What is gastroprotection for NSAID users?

  Using acid-suppressing medication like PPI