material deprivation

• part time employment

  • Insufficient time for studying
  • Too tired to concentrate in class 
• poor housing

  • Overcrowding: lack of space to work and disturbed sleep
  • Cold and damp: leads to mould which can affect health and overall attendance
• Diet

  • (Howard): poor quality of food means less energy, minerals and vitamins which affects immune system and overall attendance.
• Attendance 


  • (Flaherty 2004): suggested children have attendance problems when the family has money problems
  • Poorer families are more likely to have children who bunk and are excluded from schools.
  • 90% of "failing" schools are located in deprived areas.
• Truancy is also related to low income because parents cannot afford transport costs so they take their kids out of school early. (Hillman & Tett, 1976).
• Financial support

  • Tanner et al(2003): unable to afford uniform and equipment due to lack of funds
  • (Smith and noble 1995): poverty means not being able to afford private schools or tuition.
  • hand me downs or cheaper items may result in children being bullied/isolated. Flaherty said this is why 20% of those eligible for FSM do not take them
• Income support is another form of welfare provision aimed at reducing material deprivation among disadvantaged groups. It provides cash benefits to individuals and families living below the poverty line. The aim is to ensure that everyone has enough money to meet basic needs and avoid falling into debt. (Department for Work and Pensions, 2021)
• University

  • fear of debt(callender & Jackson): WC students are less likely to go to uni because they saw more costs than benefits
  • Reay (2005): WC students more likely to apply to uni closer to home to save money & more likely to have a part time job
• selection By mortgage (leech & campos)

  Families with more money able to buy homes in areas with better schools

  • Highlights how economic status can influence educational opportunities available for their children