Custodial Sentencing

• What is custodial sentencing?

  Holding offenders in prison or closed institutions
• How does the length of custodial sentencing depend on the crime?

  It depends on the severity of the crime
• What types of punishment does custodial sentencing represent?

  Positive and negative punishment
• What are the aims of custodial sentencing?

  • Rehabilitation
  • Retribution
  • Incapacitation
  • Deterrence
• What is the goal of rehabilitation in custodial sentencing?

  To help offenders become better adjusted
• What types of programs should prisons offer for rehabilitation?

  Training and treatment programs
• What does retribution aim to achieve in custodial sentencing?

  Society seeks revenge for the crime
• How should the level of suffering in retribution relate to the crime?

  It should be relative to the seriousness of the crime
• What is incapacitation in the context of custodial sentencing?

  Preventing further criminal behavior physically
• What is the purpose of deterrence in custodial sentencing?

  To discourage people from committing crimes
• What are the two types of deterrence?

  General and individual deterrence
• What does recidivism refer to?

  The reoffending of prisoners
• What was the recidivism rate for prisoners in 2013?

  57% within 1 year of release
• Which country has the highest reoffending rates?

  The UK and the US
• What is the reoffending rate in Norway?

  20%
• How does Norway's prison system differ from others?

  It emphasizes skills development and restorative justice
• What are the evaluations of deterrence in custodial sentencing?

  (+) Majority of society deterred from crime

  (-) High recidivism suggests lack of individual deterrence
• What are the evaluations of rehabilitation in custodial sentencing?

  (+) Increasing training opportunities available

  (-) Participation in programs is not mandatory
• What are the evaluations of incapacitation in custodial sentencing?

  (+) Prevents majority of repeat crimes

  (-) Crimes can still occur within prison
• What are the evaluations of retribution in custodial sentencing?

  (+) Restorative justice can reduce recidivism

  (-) Difficult to measure offender's pain compared to victim's
• What principles of punishment does prison not adhere to?

  Probable, prompt, and aversive principles
• What percentage of prisoners have mental health problems?

  80-90%
• What common mental health issues are experienced in prison?

  Anxiety and depression
• What evidence supports the prevalence of self-harm in prison?

  Newton (1980) reported 86% self-harmed
• What is institutionalization in the context of imprisonment?

  Adopting prison roles and norms
• What is prisonization?

  Taking on prison life roles and norms
• What evidence did Zimbardo provide regarding prison life?

  90% discussed prison life within 6 days
• What percentage of prisoners live in overcrowded conditions?

  25%
• How does overcrowding affect prisoners psychologically?

  Increases aggression and stress
• What evidence supports the effects of overcrowding on behavior?

  Calhoun showed increased aggression in rats
• How are children affected by having parents in prison?

  Five times more likely to end up in prison
• What psychological effects do parents experience when imprisoned?

  Anxiety and guilt over separation
• What are the evaluations of psychological effects of imprisonment?

  (-) Individual differences affect experiences

  (-) Difficult to establish cause and effect
• Why is it difficult to generalize psychological effects of imprisonment?

  Individual differences affect experiences significantly
• What is a challenge in establishing cause and effect in imprisonment effects?

  Hard to show problems are due to imprisonment