Biology Paper 1 - Cell Biology

• What are the two main types of organisms based on cell structure?

  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
• What is the fundamental unit of all living things?

  Cells.
• What identifies eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells.
• What are eukaryotes?

  Organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells.
• What is a prokaryote?

  A prokaryotic cell that is a single-celled organism.
• What are the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells?

  Similarities:

  • Both have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
  • Both perform essential life processes.

  
  

  Differences:

  • Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole.
• What are the different parts of a cell called?

  Subcellular structures.
• What subcellular structures are most commonly found in animal cells?

  Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
• What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

  It contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell.
• What occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell?

  Most of the chemical reactions happen in the gel-like substance.
• What role do enzymes play in the cytoplasm?

  They control the chemical reactions that occur in the cytoplasm.
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  It holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out.
• Where do most reactions for aerobic respiration take place in a cell?

  In the mitochondria.
• What is the purpose of respiration in cells?

  It transfers energy that the cell needs to work.
• What are ribosomes responsible for in a cell?

  They are where proteins are made in the cell.
• What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  • Rigid cell wall made of cellulose for support and strength.
  • Permanent vacuole containing cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts.
  • Chloroplasts for photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll to absorb light.
• What type of cells are bacteria classified as?

  Prokaryotes.
• What is a common feature of bacterial cells?

  They have cytoplasm.
• What organelles do bacterial cells lack?

  Chloroplasts and mitochondria.
• What type of nucleus do bacterial cells have?

  They do not have a 'true' nucleus.
• What is the genetic material in bacterial cells?

  A single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm.
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?

  Small rings of DNA that may be present in bacterial cells.
• What is the typical shape of animal cells?

  Round or irregular
• What is the typical shape of plant cells?

  Rectangular or cubic
• How are animal and plant cells measured?

  Both are measured in micrometers
• What is the typical length range of an animal cell?

  10-30 μm
• What is the typical length range of a plant cell?

  10-100 μm
• What are the key structural differences between animal and plant cells?

  • Animal cells: Round/irregular, no cell wall, mitochondria only
  • Plant cells: Rectangular/cubic, have cell wall, mitochondria + chloroplasts
• What is a key structural difference between animal and plant cells regarding energy production?

  Plant cells use mitochondria and chloroplasts
• What is the function of the nucleus in an animal cell?

  Contains DNA, controlling cell activity
• What do mitochondria do in an animal cell?

  Generate energy through respiration
• What is the role of cytoplasm in an animal cell?

  Fills the cell, containing organelles
• What does the cell membrane do in an animal cell?

  Controls what enters and leaves
• What are the key structures in an animal cell and their functions?

  1. Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls activity
  2. Mitochondria: Generates energy
  3. Cytoplasm: Fills cell, contains organelles
  4. Cell Membrane: Controls entry/exit
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Provides structural support
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Help make food from sunlight
• What are the key structures in a plant cell and their functions?

  1. Cell Wall: Provides structure
  2. Chloroplasts: Make food from sunlight
  3. Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls activity
  4. Mitochondria: Generates energy
  5. Cytoplasm: Fills cell, contains organelles
• What structure in an animal cell is known as the "Gatekeeper"?

  Cell Membrane
• What is the primary function of the cell membrane in an animal cell?

  It controls substances entering and leaving the cell
• What are the key structures in plant cells?

  • Cell Wall: Outer rigid layer
  • Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis
  • Vacuole: Storage space