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PS1103-psychological research skills
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Cards (558)
What is the Binomial Test used
for?
It is used when a measurement classifies people or objects into one of two
categories
.
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What question does the Binomial Test answer?
Does the sample
frequency
significantly
differ from a known or hypothesized
population
frequency?
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What are the requirements for using the Binomial Test?
There must be
10
or more
observations
recorded, and observations must be independent.
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How does the Binomial Test relate to the Chi Square
test?
The
Binomial Test is equivalent to the Chi Square test but has only two
categories
.
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What does the Null Hypothesis (H0) specify in the Binomial Test?
It specifies exact values that you expect the
proportions
of the two categories to be.
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What is a common expectation for proportions in the Null Hypothesis?
It is often expected that proportions are due to chance, such as
50:50
.
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In the coin toss example, what is the Null Hypothesis (H0)?
The Null Hypothesis states that the
probability
of heads is ½, indicating the outcome is due to
chance
.
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What does a p-value less than .05 indicate in the Binomial Test?
It indicates a significant effect, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis.
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What conclusion can be drawn from the Binomial test results in the coin toss example?
The observed
proportion
of heads (0.8) is
significantly
different from 0.5, indicating the coin is
biased
.
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What does a p-value greater than .05 indicate in the second coin toss example?
It indicates no
significant
difference, suggesting the coin is
fair
.
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What does the Binomial Sign Test compare?
It compares two
conditions
in a repeated
measures
design without measuring how much change has occurred.
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What does the output of the Sign Test indicate in the weight gain example?
It shows no
significant
difference in the
proportions
of people who lost and gained weight under the diet regime.
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What is the Pearson Chi-square Test of Association used for?
It is used to determine if two separate categorical variables are
independent
or
associated
.
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What type of data is used in the Chi-square Test of Association?
Data in the form of
frequencies
in different categories is used.
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What does the Null Hypothesis (H0) state in the Chi-square Test of Association?
It states that the
two
variables
being measured are completely
independent
from each other.
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What does the Alternative Hypothesis (H1) state in the Chi-square Test of Association?
It states that there is a relationship between the two
variables
being measured.
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How is data presented in the Chi-square Test of Association?
Data is presented in the form of a matrix displaying all the separate
categories
.
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What does the Chi-square Test of Association compare?
It compares
observed frequencies
to
expected frequencies
predicted from the
null hypothesis
.
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What is the formula for calculating expected frequencies in the Chi-square Test of Association?
Expected frequency is calculated using the
total number of observations
for each variable.
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What is the procedure for calculating the Chi-square statistic?
Subtract the
expected frequency
from the
observed frequency
, square the difference, and divide by the expected frequency.
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How is the Chi-square statistic calculated for a smoker male in the example?
It is calculated as
(
25
−
22.64
)
2
/
22.64
=
(25-22.64)^2/22.64 =
(
25
−
22.64
)
2
/22.64
=
0.246
0.246
0.246
.
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What does the example where the null H0 is perfectly true illustrate?
It illustrates the expected outcomes when the null
hypothesis
is
valid
.
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Do males and females show different smoking behaviors?
No
, they show
exactly
the
same
smoking behavior.
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What is the formula for expected frequencies in the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
f
e
=
f_e =
f
e
=
f
c
×
f
r
n
\frac{f_c \times f_r}{n}
n
f
c
×
f
r
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How do you calculate expected frequencies for a sample size of 250 with 37 smokers?
Expected frequency is
153
×
37
250
\frac{153 \times 37}{250}
250
153
×
37
.
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What are the steps to calculate the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
Subtract
expected cases
from
observed cases
.
Square the difference
.
Divide by the expected cases.
Sum the values for all categories.
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What is the Chi-Squared value for a smoker male with observed cases of 25 and expected cases of 22.64?
The value is
0.246
0.246
0.246
.
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What does a Chi-Squared value of 0.0 indicate in the context of the null hypothesis?
It indicates that the null hypothesis is perfectly
true.
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How do you calculate degrees of freedom for the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
Degrees of freedom is calculated as
d
f
=
df =
df
=
(
R
−
1
)
×
(
C
−
1
)
(R-1) \times (C-1)
(
R
−
1
)
×
(
C
−
1
)
.
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What are the degrees of freedom for a contingency table with 3 rows and 2 columns?
Degrees of freedom is
d
f
=
df =
df
=
(
3
−
1
)
×
(
2
−
1
)
=
(3-1) \times (2-1) =
(
3
−
1
)
×
(
2
−
1
)
=
2
2
2
.
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What software can be used to perform the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
JASP
can be used to perform the Chi-Squared Test of Association.
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What are the steps to analyze data on JASP for the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
Create a .csv file in Excel.
Define
variables
:
sex
(1 = Male, 2 = Female),
smoker
(1 = Smoker, 2 = Non-Smoker), and
freq
(Frequency of Observations).
Input the data into the file.
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What settings are needed in JASP for analyzing contingency tables?
Select Frequencies >> Contingency Tables.
Transfer one variable to rows and one to columns.
Move frequency variable to Counts box.
Tick Chi-Square, Phi, and Cramer’s V under Statistics.
Tick Expected and Row/Column percentages under Cells.
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What information does a contingency table provide in the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
Counts and
expected counts
for each category
Percentages
within rows and columns
Total counts and expected counts
Helps in comparing
unequal samples
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What does a p-value less than 0.05 indicate in the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
It indicates that the result is
significant
.
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What does the effect size in the Chi-Squared Test of Association indicate?
It indicates the strength of the association between
variables
.
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What are the thresholds for effect size Cramer’s V for small, moderate, and large associations with 1 degree of freedom?
Small:
0.10
, Moderate:
0.30
, Large:
0.50
.
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What conclusion can be drawn from the Chi-Squared Test of Association regarding smoking behavior between genders?
There is no
significant
difference between males and females in smoking behavior.
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How is the Chi-Squared Test of Association performed with raw data in JASP?
Data is entered in two columns without frequency data, and the
Counts
box is left empty.
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What are the characteristics of Chi-Squared tests?
Non-parametric tests
Do not rely on assumptions about
data distribution
Compare
observed frequencies
to
expected frequencies
Test the
relationship
between two
variables
View source
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