PS1103-psychological research skills

    Cards (558)

    • What is the Binomial Test used for?
      It is used when a measurement classifies people or objects into one of two categories.
    • What question does the Binomial Test answer?
      Does the sample frequency significantly differ from a known or hypothesized population frequency?
    • What are the requirements for using the Binomial Test?
      There must be 10 or more observations recorded, and observations must be independent.
    • How does the Binomial Test relate to the Chi Square test?
      The Binomial Test is equivalent to the Chi Square test but has only two categories.
    • What does the Null Hypothesis (H0) specify in the Binomial Test?
      It specifies exact values that you expect the proportions of the two categories to be.
    • What is a common expectation for proportions in the Null Hypothesis?
      It is often expected that proportions are due to chance, such as 50:50.
    • In the coin toss example, what is the Null Hypothesis (H0)?
      The Null Hypothesis states that the probability of heads is ½, indicating the outcome is due to chance.
    • What does a p-value less than .05 indicate in the Binomial Test?
      It indicates a significant effect, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis.
    • What conclusion can be drawn from the Binomial test results in the coin toss example?
      The observed proportion of heads (0.8) is significantly different from 0.5, indicating the coin is biased.
    • What does a p-value greater than .05 indicate in the second coin toss example?
      It indicates no significant difference, suggesting the coin is fair.
    • What does the Binomial Sign Test compare?
      It compares two conditions in a repeated measures design without measuring how much change has occurred.
    • What does the output of the Sign Test indicate in the weight gain example?
      It shows no significant difference in the proportions of people who lost and gained weight under the diet regime.
    • What is the Pearson Chi-square Test of Association used for?
      It is used to determine if two separate categorical variables are independent or associated.
    • What type of data is used in the Chi-square Test of Association?
      Data in the form of frequencies in different categories is used.
    • What does the Null Hypothesis (H0) state in the Chi-square Test of Association?
      It states that the two variables being measured are completely independent from each other.
    • What does the Alternative Hypothesis (H1) state in the Chi-square Test of Association?
      It states that there is a relationship between the two variables being measured.
    • How is data presented in the Chi-square Test of Association?
      Data is presented in the form of a matrix displaying all the separate categories.
    • What does the Chi-square Test of Association compare?
      It compares observed frequencies to expected frequencies predicted from the null hypothesis.
    • What is the formula for calculating expected frequencies in the Chi-square Test of Association?
      Expected frequency is calculated using the total number of observations for each variable.
    • What is the procedure for calculating the Chi-square statistic?
      Subtract the expected frequency from the observed frequency, square the difference, and divide by the expected frequency.
    • How is the Chi-square statistic calculated for a smoker male in the example?
      It is calculated as (2522.64)2/22.64=(25-22.64)^2/22.64 =0.246 0.246.
    • What does the example where the null H0 is perfectly true illustrate?
      It illustrates the expected outcomes when the null hypothesis is valid.
    • Do males and females show different smoking behaviors?
      No, they show exactly the same smoking behavior.
    • What is the formula for expected frequencies in the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
      fe=f_e =fc×frn \frac{f_c \times f_r}{n}
    • How do you calculate expected frequencies for a sample size of 250 with 37 smokers?
      Expected frequency is 153×37250\frac{153 \times 37}{250}.
    • What are the steps to calculate the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
      1. Subtract expected cases from observed cases.
      2. Square the difference.
      3. Divide by the expected cases.
      4. Sum the values for all categories.
    • What is the Chi-Squared value for a smoker male with observed cases of 25 and expected cases of 22.64?
      The value is 0.2460.246.
    • What does a Chi-Squared value of 0.0 indicate in the context of the null hypothesis?
      It indicates that the null hypothesis is perfectly true.
    • How do you calculate degrees of freedom for the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
      Degrees of freedom is calculated as df=df =(R1)×(C1) (R-1) \times (C-1).
    • What are the degrees of freedom for a contingency table with 3 rows and 2 columns?
      Degrees of freedom is df=df =(31)×(21)= (3-1) \times (2-1) =2 2.
    • What software can be used to perform the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
      JASP can be used to perform the Chi-Squared Test of Association.
    • What are the steps to analyze data on JASP for the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
      1. Create a .csv file in Excel.
      2. Define variables: sex (1 = Male, 2 = Female), smoker (1 = Smoker, 2 = Non-Smoker), and freq (Frequency of Observations).
      3. Input the data into the file.
    • What settings are needed in JASP for analyzing contingency tables?
      1. Select Frequencies >> Contingency Tables.
      2. Transfer one variable to rows and one to columns.
      3. Move frequency variable to Counts box.
      4. Tick Chi-Square, Phi, and Cramer’s V under Statistics.
      5. Tick Expected and Row/Column percentages under Cells.
    • What information does a contingency table provide in the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
      • Counts and expected counts for each category
      • Percentages within rows and columns
      • Total counts and expected counts
      • Helps in comparing unequal samples
    • What does a p-value less than 0.05 indicate in the Chi-Squared Test of Association?
      It indicates that the result is significant.
    • What does the effect size in the Chi-Squared Test of Association indicate?
      It indicates the strength of the association between variables.
    • What are the thresholds for effect size Cramer’s V for small, moderate, and large associations with 1 degree of freedom?
      Small: 0.10, Moderate: 0.30, Large: 0.50.
    • What conclusion can be drawn from the Chi-Squared Test of Association regarding smoking behavior between genders?
      There is no significant difference between males and females in smoking behavior.
    • How is the Chi-Squared Test of Association performed with raw data in JASP?
      Data is entered in two columns without frequency data, and the Counts box is left empty.
    • What are the characteristics of Chi-Squared tests?
      • Non-parametric tests
      • Do not rely on assumptions about data distribution
      • Compare observed frequencies to expected frequencies
      • Test the relationship between two variables
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