Industrial Medicine

• What were the three main beliefs about the cause of disease until 1700?

  God, miasma, and the 4 humours
• What caused the decline in old ideas about disease during the Industrial Revolution?

  Decline in church power and scientific breakthroughs
• Who proved the link between disease and bacteria?

  Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
• What theory was abandoned due to Pasteur's work?

  Theory of 4 humours
• Why was Pasteur's criticism of spontaneous generation significant?

  It laid the groundwork for germ theory
• Why was germ theory not immediately accepted?

  Pasteur could not prove germs caused disease
• What did Koch develop to identify bacteria?

  A method to stain and grow bacteria
• What was the impact of Koch's work on disease treatment?

  Doctors sought to attack specific microbes
• What did Pasteur prove about bacteria in the air?

  Bacteria in the air cause decay
• How did the Germ Theory impact surgery?

  Led to the development of antiseptics
• What was the significance of Joseph Lister's work?

  He developed antiseptic methods for surgery
• What did the Germ Theory allow for in terms of vaccinations?

  Development of vaccines for specific diseases
• What was the public health response to the Germ Theory?

  Government began spending on public health
• How did Florence Nightingale contribute to hospital design?

  Promoted sanitation and ventilation in hospitals
• What was the death rate reduction at Scutari Hospital due to Nightingale's efforts?

  From 40% to 2%
• What did Nightingale emphasize in her training of nurses?

  Importance of sanitation and hygiene
• What were the main problems in early industrial hospitals?

  High death rates and unclean conditions
• What was the significance of the Public Health Act of 1875?

  Largest intervention in British public health
• What were the key changes in ideas about the cause of disease from c1700-1900?

  • Abandonment of the Four Humours theory
  • Decline of supernatural explanations
  • Acceptance of Germ Theory
  • Continued belief in miasma theory
• What were the impacts of the Germ Theory on treatment and prevention?

  • Development of antiseptics and aseptic surgery
  • Identification of specific bacteria causing diseases
  • Introduction of vaccinations
  • Increased government investment in public health
• How did Florence Nightingale influence nursing and hospital care?

  • Improved hospital sanitation and design
  • Established nursing as a trained profession
  • Reduced death rates through hygiene practices
  • Advocated for better food and care for patients
• What were the main types of hospitals that emerged during the Industrial Period?

  • Cottage hospitals
  • Voluntary hospitals
  • Infirmaries in workhouses
  • Specialist hospitals for mental illness and infectious diseases
• What were early industrial hospitals known for?

  High death rates from infection
• What sanitation issues did early hospitals face?

  Few toilets and sewage systems
• Who worked in early industrial hospitals?

  Untrained nurses
• What was a common issue with hospital equipment?

  Uncleaned equipment, wards, and theatres
• Why did doctors and nurses not wash their hands?

  They were unaware of the importance of hygiene
• What was a significant change in hospital design during the Industrial Period?

  Inclusion of sanitation and ventilation
• What did Florence Nightingale promote for hospital design?

  Pavilion plan hospitals
• What was the purpose of the Nightingale School for Nurses?

  To train nurses and improve nursing standards
• What was a key focus of hospitals by 1900?

  Treatment of the sick in clean hospitals
• What surgical advancements occurred due to the Germ Theory?

  Use of aseptic surgery techniques
• What was the role of apothecaries by the end of the Industrial Period?

  They became known as pharmacies
• What was a new type of cure introduced during the Industrial Period?

  Electrical shocks and animal hormones
• What was the most common type of surgery in the 18th century?

  Amputation
• What was a major problem with surgery in the 18th century?

  Lack of effective anaesthetics
• What did James Simpson discover in 1847?

  Chloroform as an anaesthetic
• How did chloroform change surgery practices?

  Allowed for deeper and more complex surgeries
• What were the risks associated with chloroform?

  Overdoses could be fatal
• Who developed carbolic acid as an antiseptic?

  Joseph Lister