Theories of personality

    Cards (75)

    • Who is the founder of psychoanalytic theory?
      Sigmund Freud
    • In what year was Sigmund Freud born?
      1856
    • Where was Sigmund Freud born?
      Freiberg Moravia, Czech Republic
    • What was Freud's profession?
      Medical doctor
    • What does Freud suggest is the cause of illness in his patients?
      Psychogenic factors
    • What type of patients did Freud primarily treat?
      Patients with "Conversion Hysteria"
    • What are symptoms of Conversion Hysteria related to?
      Repressed painful memories and feelings
    • What are the three levels of consciousness according to Freud?
      Conscious, preconscious, unconscious
    • What principle does the Id operate by?
      Pleasure principle
    • What is the primary function of the Ego?
      Mediates between Id and reality
    • What does the Superego represent?
      Moral conscience
    • How many distinct phases are there in Freud's development of personality?
      Five distinct phases
    • What are the five distinct phases of personality development according to Freud?
      1. Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year)
      2. Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years)
      3. Phallic Stage (3 to 5 years)
      4. Latency Stage (5 to 12 years)
      5. Genital Stage (12 to 18 years+)
    • What can result from conflicts in the oral and phallic stages?
      Lack of foundation for adult relationships
    • What do defense mechanisms help to cope with?
      Anxiety between Id, Ego, and Superego
    • What is Object-Relations Theory concerned with?
      • Relationships between people, especially family
      • Importance of early relationships for later problems
      • Relation between subject and internalized/external objects
    • Who developed Object-Relations Theory?
      Melaine Klein
    • What do ego defenses help determine?
      Psychological adjustment and physical health
    • Which defense mechanisms are considered healthier?
      Rationalization and sublimation
    • Who is the founder of Humanistic Theory?
      Abraham Maslow
    • What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs based on?
      Precedence of lower needs over higher needs
    • What assumption does Maslow's theory make about human nature?
      Human nature is basically good
    • What are the characteristics of self-actualizers according to Maslow?
      • Creative
      • Think differently
      • Experience peak moments
      • Higher self-acceptance
    • What criticism is directed at Maslow's theory?
      Lack of scientific rigor
    • What is the focus of Carl Rogers' Person-Centred Approach?
      Client's inner resources for growth
    • What are the three core principles of Roger's Core Philosophy?
      1. Unconditional positive regard
      2. Congruence
      3. Empathy
    • What does congruence refer to in Rogers' theory?
      Harmony between self-concept and experiences
    • How does Rogers define empathy?
      Ability to sense client's private world
    • What is the actualizing tendency in infants?
      • Striving to maintain and enhance themselves
      • Attraction to positive experiences
      • Avoidance of negative experiences
    • What is the Organismic Valuing Process in infants?
      Inherent tendency to value positive experiences
    • How does the Self Concept develop in infants?
      Through experiences and interactions
    • What leads to psychological tension according to the incongruence theory?
      Incongruence between self-concept and organismic self
    • Who defined empathy in 2007?
      Carl Rogers
    • How does Carl Rogers describe empathy?
      As sensing the client's private world
    • What is the infant's perception of themselves?
      They see themselves as the center of reality
    • What is the actualizing tendency in infants?
      Striving to maintain and enhance themselves
    • What does the organismic valuing process entail for infants?
      Valuing experiences that enhance their organism
    • What do infants like and dislike according to their valuing process?
      Like positive experiences, dislike negative experiences
    • How does the self-concept develop in infants?
      Through interactions and evaluations by others
    • What is the need for positive regard in infants?
      To seek positive experiences for self-actualization