L3.2: Diabetes Mellitus

• METABOLISM

  ● The process your body uses to get or make/convert energy from the food you eat.
• METABOLIC DISORDER

  ● A collective term for a group of syndromes that disrupt the normal metabolic processes in the body.
• PANCREAS (LOCATION: LEFT)

  Functions in:

  1. Production of enzymes to aid in the digestion of food.

  2. Release of hormones (insulin & glucagon) into the bloodstream. These hormones help control blood sugar (glucose levels).
• INSULIN

  ● A hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.

  ● It allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use.

  ● It helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia)
• ● Diabetes Mellitus

  ○ Group of disorders characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism.

  ○ Increased viscosity of the blood that makes it difficult for the blood to flow; thus, increasing blood pressure.

  ○ Characterized by hyperglycemia.
• ● Diabetes Mellitus

  ○ Problem in the utilization of these biomolecules

  ■ Resistance in utilizing the nutrients by the cells, thus, causing stasis—causing it to increase in the bloodstream.

  ○ A chronic disease that occurs when:

  1. The pancreas does not produce insulin. (TYPE 1 - IDDM)

  2. The body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. (TYPE 2 - NIDDM)
• ● Defined as 8-hour fasting glucose level:

  ○ (DIABETIC) 126 mg/dl or higher

  ○ (NORMAL) 80-120 mg/dl
• ● Insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)

  ○ Helps blood sugar enter the cells in your body for use as energy.

  ○ Without insulin, blood sugar can't get into cells and builds up in the bloodstream.

  ○ Sugar Path: Bloodstream → Cells → Energy
• ● Glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)

  ○ Opposite of insulin

  ○ Increases levels of glucose in the bloodstream.

  ○ Produced when blood sugar levels are low.