behavioural genetics

• What is the primary focus of behavioural genetics?

  Establishing causal links between genes and behaviour
• What does genotype refer to in behavioural genetics?

  Internal genetic code (DNA)
• What does phenotype refer to in behavioural genetics?

  Outward manifestation of traits
• What are researchers primarily interested in within behavioural genetics?

  Estimating genetic heritability of behaviour
• According to Turkheimer's laws, what is true about human behavioral traits?

  All human behavioral traits are heritable
• What is the effect of being raised in the same family compared to genetic effects?

  Smaller than the effect of genes
• What does a substantial portion of variation in complex human behavioral traits indicate?

  Not accounted for by genes or families
• How many genetic variants are typically associated with a human behavioral trait?

  Very many, each with small effects
• Who were prominent eugenicists in the study of intellectual abilities?

  British scientists in the early 20th century
• What role did twin studies play in behavioural genetics?

  Showed inheritance in development of characteristics

  
• What was the impact of Arthur Jensen's publication in 1969?

  Highlighted genetic factors in IQ variance
• What are the three research methodologies in behavioural genetics?

  Family studies, twin studies, adoption studies

  
• What does it mean that traits like intelligence are polygenic?

  They are influenced by many genes
• What are the subcategories of genetic variance?

  Additive, dominance, epistatic variance
• What is the formula for total genetic variation?

  $VG =$$VA +$$VD +$$VI$
• What is narrow heritability associated with?

  Identical twins' additive and non-additive variance
• What is broad heritability associated with?

  Fraternal twins' genetic variance
• What percentage of people worldwide have red hair?

  About 4%
• What is the association between novelty-seeking and genetics?

  Linked to a polymorphism in the D4 receptor gene
• What is the heritability range for most personality traits?

  Between 40% and 60%
• What do family studies show about behavioural characteristics?

  Family members are more similar than unrelated individuals
• Why do family studies alone not provide conclusive evidence of genetic contribution?

  Due to complex patterns of inheritance
• What do twin and adoption studies help to disentangle?

  Effects of genes and shared environmental factors

  
• What did research by Ahern et al. (1982) find about personality differences?

  A small familial/heritable component exists
• What is extraversion classified as in terms of genetics?

  Highly polygenic personality trait
• What did twin studies find about attitudes?

  MZ twins share more similar attitudes than DZ twins
• What did the McCrae & Costa (1992) study indicate about the Big Five personality traits?

  70% of association with stress is genetic
• How does heritability change across age for personality traits?

  Follows a reversed U-shaped pattern
• What influences psychopathic personality traits in early childhood?

  Both genetic and shared environmental factors
• Who were key figures in the development of IQ testing?

  Francis Galton, Alfred Binet, Lewis Terman
• What is the formula for calculating IQ?

  $IQ =$$(mental age / actual age) \times 100$
• What does Spearman's two-factor model of intelligence propose?

  Includes general intelligence and specific abilities
• What does Gardner's multiple intelligences theory suggest?

  There are various types of intelligence
• What is fluid intelligence?

  Ability to solve abstract relational problems
• What is crystallized intelligence?

  Acquired factual knowledge and skills
• What did Wechsler create in terms of IQ tests?

  WAIS, WISC, WPPSI for different ages
• What is deviation IQ?

  Individual score relative to average test score
• What do Raven's progressive matrices test?

  Ability to form perceptual relations and reason
• What did early thoughts by Paul Broca suggest about female intelligence?

  Linked smaller brain size to inferiority
• What did meta-analyses find about sex differences in intelligence?

  Men excel in visual-spatial tasks