GE of bacteria

• Do bacteria have a nucleus

  No -> only one large loop of DNA + small circles of DNA called plasmids
• How do you genetically engineer bacteria

  Insert additional genes to plasmid
• Describe the process of genetically engineering bacteria to produce insulin

  • Use restriction enzymes to cut out useful gene (insulin) in organism's DNA
  • Using same restriction enzymes, cut open plasmid from a vector
  • Leaving complimentary sticky ends
  • Join them together using ligase enzyme
  • Insert it back into bacteria
  • Grown in huge tanks so insulin can be easily extracted
• What's a vector 


  Any DNA molecule used to carry out new DNA into another cell