Lecture 01, 2

• What is chromatography primarily used for?

  Separation of mixtures
• What are the two phases in chromatography?

  Mobile phase and stationary phase
• What is retention time in chromatography?

  Time an analyte spends in the column
• What does column efficiency refer to in chromatography?

  How effectively a column separates components
• Name three types of chromatography.

  TLC, HPLC, GC

  
• What are the types of chromatography separation methods?

  • Adsorption
  • Partition
  • Ion exchange
  • Size exclusion
• What do instrumental analytical methods provide?

  Signals indicating molecule types present
• What is the main purpose of chromatography in pharmaceuticals?

  To check identity, purity, and impurities
• What does QC stand for in chromatography?

  Quality Control
• What is the role of the stationary phase in chromatography?

  It interacts with analytes during separation
• What is the eluent in chromatography?

  Solvent or gas flowing through medium
• How does the mobile phase affect separation in chromatography?

  It transports analytes through the stationary phase

  
• What happens to samples that interact weakly with the stationary phase?

  They move more quickly through the column
• What is the significance of the retention factor (Rf) in TLC?

  It indicates the distance travelled by analytes

  
• What is the main advantage of paper chromatography?

  Simple, low cost, and hassle-free
• What is the stationary phase in paper chromatography?

  Cellulose filter paper
• What is the main disadvantage of paper chromatography?

  Not useful for volatile or complex substances
• What is TLC used to monitor?

  Identity, purification, and reaction progress
• What is the role of silica gel in TLC?

  It acts as the stationary adsorbent phase
• How does the polarity of the solvent affect TLC results?

  It alters the retention factor of analytes
• What does a higher Rf value indicate in TLC?

  Stronger interaction with the mobile phase
• What is the purpose of visualising spots in TLC?

  To determine the presence of analytes
• What is HPLC?

  Automated version of TLC for separation
• What is a common application of TLC?

  Determining pigments in plants
• What is the main disadvantage of TLC compared to HPLC?

  Higher detection limits than HPLC
• What is the purpose of adjusting the mobile phase polarity?

  To alter retention factor of analytes
• What is the significance of well-separated peaks in chromatography?

  Indicates effective separation of components

  
• What does a theoretical plate measure in chromatography?

  Efficiency of a column in separation

  
• What does the equation $N =$$L/H$ represent?


  Plate number in chromatography
• What does a selectivity factor indicate?

  Ability to separate different analytes
• What causes peak broadening in gas chromatography?

  Multiple flow paths through a packed column
• What is the effect of a high concentration of mobile phase?

  Analyte spends less time in stationary phase
• What is the purpose of the Van Deemter graph?

  To analyse column efficiency
• What factors affect column efficiency?

  Linear velocity, diffusion coefficients, and particle diameter
• What are the desired results in chromatography?

  All analytes separated with sharp peaks
• What is the main purpose of TLC in medicinal preparations?

  Assaying radiochemical purity
• How does TLC help in forensics?

  Detects pesticides and insecticides
• What is the role of the mobile phase in TLC?

  It carries analytes up the plate
• How do analytes migrate in TLC?

  Based on their distribution between phases
• What is the significance of symmetrical, sharp peaks in chromatography?

  Indicates effective separation and detection