Photosynthesis

• What are the two main types of reactions in photosynthesis?

  Light dependent and light independent reactions
• Where do the light dependent reactions occur?

  On the thylakoid membrane
• What is the fluid part of the chloroplast called?

  Stroma
• What is the first stage of photosynthesis?

  Light dependent reactions
• What is produced during the light dependent reactions?

  ATP and reduced NADP
• What are the four key steps of the light dependent reactions?

  1. Photolysis
  2. Photoionization of chlorophyll
  3. Chemiosmosis
  4. Production of ATP and reduced NADP
• What does photolysis refer to?

  Splitting of water using light energy
• What are the products of photolysis?

  Oxygen, electrons, and protons
• What happens to the protons during the light dependent reactions?

  They form reduced NADP
• What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

  Absorbs light energy to excite electrons
• How is ATP produced in chemiosmosis?

  Protons move through ATP synthase
• What is the enzyme involved in the light independent reactions?

  Ribisco
• What does the Calvin cycle use to produce glucose?

  Carbon dioxide, ATP, and reduced NADP
• What are the steps of the Calvin cycle?

  1. Carbon dioxide reacts with RuBP
  2. Formation of unstable six-carbon compound
  3. Splitting into two three-carbon compounds (GP)
  4. Reduction of GP to TP using ATP and NADPH
  5. Formation of glucose and regeneration of RuBP
• How many times must the Calvin cycle occur to produce one hexose sugar?

  Six times
• What is a limiting factor in photosynthesis?

  Anything that reduces the rate of photosynthesis
• What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when light intensity increases?

  It increases until another factor limits it
• Why does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  It influences enzyme activity
• What is the purpose of Calvin's apparatus?

  To trace carbon 14 in photosynthesis
• What are the key pieces of equipment in Calvin's apparatus?

  • Lollipop flask
  • Rapid action tap
  • Hot methanol
  • Carbon isotope
  • Algae
• What does the hot methanol do in the experiment?

  Denatures enzymes to stop reactions
• How is radioactivity measured in the experiment?

  Using autoradiography
• Why does GP increase in the dark?

  It is not converted to TP without ATP
• What causes the decrease of glucose in the dark?

  Reduced NADP and ATP are not produced
• Why do RuBP levels decrease in the dark?

  It is not regenerated without TP
• What happens to GP, TP, and RuBP levels in the dark?

  • GP increases due to lack of conversion
  • TP decreases due to lack of ATP and NADPH
  • RuBP decreases as it combines with CO2 but isn't regenerated
• Name three examples of monomers.

  Glucose, amino acids, nucleotides