L3.4.5: Early Detection (Guidelines)

• BREAST CANCER

  WARNING SIGNS

  ● Skin changes

  ● Nipple abnormalities

  ○ Symmetry

  ○ peau d'orange – reddish breast that resembles an orange (inflammatory breast cancer)

  ○ Inverted nipple

  ● Abnormal contours
• BREAST CANCER

  EARLY DETECTION

  ● BSE: Breast Self-examination

  ● Breast Mammography
• BREAST SELF EXAMINATION

  1. Examine the breasts in the shower

  2. Examine the breasts in the mirror with the arms down, up, and on hips

  3. Stand and press the fingers on the breast working around the breast in a circular direction.

  4. Lie down and repeat step 3

  5. Squeeze nipples to check for discharge. Check under the nipple.
• CERVICAL CANCER

  WARNING SIGNS

  ● Often asymptomatic

  ● Abnormal vaginal bleeding
• CERVICAL CANCER

  EARLY DETECTION

  ● Pap Smear

  ○ Cells are removed from cervix then swabbed
• LIVER CANCER

  SYMPTOMS

  ● Discomfort in the upper abdomen

  ● Ascites

  ○ Abnormally large/swallen abdomen

  ○ Hard lump on the right side

  ○ Filled with fluid

  ● Jaundice
• LIVER CANCER PREVENTION

  1. Limit alcohol and tobacco products use

  2. Get to and stay at a healthy weight

  3. Limit exposure to cancer-causing chemicals

  4. Avoid and treat Hepa B and C infections

  5. Treat diseases that increase liver cancer risk

  6. Safe sex

  7. Careful needle use
• PROSTATE CANCER

  WARNING SIGNS

  ● Check symptoms of urethral obstruction

  ○ Urinary frequency

  ○ Nocturia (urination at night)

  ○ Decrease in stream

  ○ Post void dribbling

  ● Nipple abnormalities

  ○ Symmetry

  ○ peau d'orange (inflammatory breast cancer)

  ○ Inverted nipple

  ● Abnormal contours
• PROSTATE CANCER

  EARLY DETECTION

  ● DRE: Digital Rectal Examination

  ○ Check the size of the prostate

  ● PSA: Prostate Specific Antigen Determination
• COLON RECTAL CANCER

  WARNING SIGNS

  ● Change in stool

  ● Rectal Bleeding (bright red)

  ● Pressure on the rectum

  ● Abdominal Pain

  ● Signs of polyps
• COLON RECTAL CANCER

  EARLY DETECTION

  ● Annual DRE by age of 40

  ● Annual stool blood test by age of 50

  ● Annual colon inspection
• LUNG CANCER

  WARNING SIGNS

  ● Chronic Cough / Nagging

  ● Dull intermittent, localized pain

  ● Hx of weight loss

  ● Person with LONG hx of smoking

  ○ 2 or more packs or cigs/day
• LUNG CANCER

  EARLY DETECTION

  ● Chest X-ray

  ○ Not a confirmatory (?) test

  ● Sputum Cytology
• SKIN CANCER

  EARLY DETECTION

  ● Unusual moles

  ● Changes in the skin should be discussed with a doctor
• UTERINE/ENDOMETRIAL DETECTION

  WARNING SIGNS

  ● Abnormal vaginal bleeding,

  ○ Spotting or;

  ○ Brownish discharge after menopause

  ● Irregular or heavy bleeding in younger women before menopause

  ● Pelvic pain or pressure

  ● Abnormal pap results
• UTERINE/ENDOMETRIAL DETECTION

  EARLY DETECTION

  ● Endometrial biopsy

  ● Medical history

  ● Transvaginal ultrasound