paas lec3

• What is a key aspect of evaluating research quality?

  Assessing internal and external validity
• What does internal validity refer to?

  Study design answering research questions without bias
• What does external validity refer to?

  Generalizability of findings to other contexts
• What does ecological validity refer to?

  Generalizability of an experiment to real-life situations
• What is the definition of statistics anxiety according to Chew & Dillon (2014)?

  A negative state of emotional arousal from statistics
• What percentage of students rated their statistics anxiety as very high in the SMARVUS study?

  15%
• What does recent evidence suggest about statistics anxiety and grades?

  It is more complex than previously thought
• What are individual factors that affect statistics anxiety's impact on grades?

  Disruption to cognitive processing and anxiety management
• What is the purpose of participant sampling in research?

  • Make generalizable statements about a population
  • Select samples from a sampling frame
  • Learn statistical inferences about the population
• What is probability sampling?

  Specifying the probability of selection
• Why are representative samples important?

  They have high external validity and generalizability
• What is an example of probability sampling?

  Random sampling
• What is non-probability sampling?

  Cannot specify the probability of selection
• What is a common issue with non-probability samples?

  They have low external validity and generalizability
• What is random sampling?

  Everyone has an equal probability of selection
• Why is random sampling uncommon in psychology?

  It is impractical and unnecessary
• What is convenience sampling?

  Researching whoever is free and willing
• What is quota sampling?

  Sampling people with specific characteristics until sufficient
• What is referral/snowball sampling?

  Asking participants to refer others with similar characteristics
• What is sampling bias?

  Some members are more likely to be selected
• What is a type of sampling bias?

  Self-selection bias
• What is the purpose of operationalising variables in experiments?

  To define predictors and outcomes clearly
• What is an example of a predictor in an experiment?

  Statistics exam duration
• What is the outcome variable in the statistics anxiety experiment?

  Level of statistics anxiety
• What are the differences between between-participants and within-participants designs?

  • Between-participants: Different people in each condition
  • Eliminates order effects
  • Within-participants: Same people in all conditions
  • Controls for individual differences
• What is random allocation in experiments?

  Participants are randomly assigned to conditions
• Why is random allocation important?

  It evens out individual differences between conditions
• What is the difference between random sampling and random allocation?

  Random sampling selects participants; random allocation assigns them
• What is the purpose of within-participants designs?

  To control for individual differences in responses
• What is a potential drawback of within-participants designs?

  Order effects may bias results
• What is a benefit of between-participants designs?

  Eliminates order effects like practice or fatigue
• What is a drawback of between-participants designs?

  Individual differences could bias results
• What are the key features of experimental methods?

  • Operationalise predictor and outcome variables
  • Manipulate the predictor
  • Measure the outcome
  • Limit alternative explanations for variations
• What is the significance of confounds in experiments?

  They can provide alternative explanations for results
• What is the role of control in experimental research?

  To limit alternative explanations for variations
• What is the purpose of operationalising outcomes in experiments?

  To clearly define how outcomes will be measured
• What is an example of an operationalised outcome?

  Scores on the Statistics Anxiety Rating Scale (STARS)
• What is another example of an operationalised outcome?

  Physiological responses like heart rate
• What is a third example of an operationalised outcome?

  Behavioral responses like irritability signs
• What is the relationship between statistics anxiety and academic performance?

  Statistics anxiety can negatively impact grades