paas lec5

• Why do psychologists need ethical guidelines?

  To protect participants from harm and ensure integrity
• What was a significant ethical violation in Nazi medical experiments?

  Informed consent was not obtained
• What does the Nuremberg Code state about consent?

  Voluntary consent is absolutely essential
• What does the Helsinki Declaration emphasize for physicians?

  Act in the patient’s best interest
• Why is research with vulnerable groups justified?

  Only if it cannot be done with non-vulnerable groups
• What was the U.S. Tuskegee syphilis study about?

  ~400 men were untreated for syphilis
• What are the three ethical principles in the Belmont Report?

  Respect for persons, beneficence, justice
• What does 'respect for persons' entail?

  Autonomy or protection for those lacking it
• What does 'beneficence' mean in research ethics?

  Do no harm and benefit participants
• What does 'justice' refer to in ethical guidelines?

  Equal distribution of burdens and benefits
• Which organization has specific codes of practice for psychologists?

  British Psychological Society (BPS)
• What must all psychologists adhere to?

  BPS and APA ethical guidelines
• Why are ethical guidelines regularly reviewed?

  To consider changes in societal expectations
• What should psychologists do when facing ethical dilemmas?

  Record their decision processes
• What are the four ethical principles in the BPS Code of Ethics?

  Respect, competence, responsibility, integrity
• What does 'competence' mean in the BPS Code of Ethics?

  Providing services to a professional standard
• What does 'responsibility' entail for psychologists?

  Accountability for their actions and decisions
• What does 'integrity' mean in the context of psychology?

  Being honest, accurate, and objective
• What legal obligations do psychologists have regarding competence?

  Must be registered with HCPC
• What does the Equality Act prevent?

  Discrimination based on protected characteristics
• What is the purpose of the Freedom of Information Act?

  To ensure public access to information
• What does the Mental Capacity Act address?

  Capacity and consent for ages 16 and older
• What is the aim of the Belmont Report's general principles?

  To guide psychologists toward ethical ideals
• What does 'beneficence and nonmaleficence' mean?

  Benefit those they work with and do no harm
• What is the significance of 'fidelity and responsibility'?

  Establish trust and be aware of duties
• What does 'integrity' promote in psychology?

  Accuracy and honesty in all practices
• What does 'justice' ensure in psychological research?

  Fairness and equal opportunity for benefits
• What does 'respect for people's rights and dignity' involve?

  Respecting privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination
• What are key points on human research ethics?

  Risks explained, participation is voluntary
• What is required for informed consent?

  Full information and voluntary participation
• What must participants understand for informed consent?

  Relevant information and consequences of participation
• What should researchers inform participants about?

  Purpose, duration, procedures, and risks
• What should be clarified regarding therapeutic treatments?

  Experimental nature and available services
• What is a harm/benefit analysis?

  Evaluating risks against potential benefits
• What is a challenge with informed consent for certain groups?

  Obtaining consent from caregivers is necessary
• What should be done if a child avoids testing?

  Consider it as withdrawal of consent
• What does the Belmont Report say about coercion?

  Prohibits overt and implicit threats
• What should inducements to participate not be?

  Excessive or coercive
• What does the Belmont Report say about undue influence?

  Prohibits excessive or inappropriate rewards
• When can deception be used in research?

  Only if unavoidable and justified