paas lec 7

• What is the main ethical obligation in research?

  To explain risks to participants
• What is required for valid informed consent?

  Participants must be fully informed
• What does confidentiality in research ensure?

  Participants' information remains private
• What should researchers do to minimize deception?

  Provide debriefing after the study
• What statistical measures describe central tendency?

  Mean, median, and mode
• What do variance and standard deviation describe?

  How scores differ from each other
• What is the goal of data visualization?

  To effectively communicate data insights
• What should you recognize in data visualization?

  Different types of graphs
• Why is accessibility important in data visualization?

  To ensure all audiences can understand
• What was the significant difference in mean scores between the intervention and passive control groups?

  M_diff = -11.24
• What does a p-value of .001 indicate?

  Statistically significant results
• What does a p-value of .064 suggest about the active control group's well-being scores?

  Not significantly different from others
• What is the purpose of data visualization according to Florence Nightingale?

  To condense complicated concepts
• What are the common types of graphs used in data visualization?

  • Histograms
  • Density plots
  • Scatterplots
  • Bar graphs
  • Dot plots
  • Violin plots
  • Box plots
• What do histograms and density plots show?

  Frequency of different values of a variable
• What is the purpose of grouping scores into bins in histograms?

  To understand the overall shape better
• What does a density plot express?

  Transformed frequency of scores
• What do scatterplots illustrate?

  The relationship between two continuous variables
• What does a positive relationship in a scatterplot indicate?

  Both variables increase together
• What does a negative relationship in a scatterplot indicate?

  One variable increases while the other decreases
• What does no relationship in a scatterplot indicate?

  No discernible direction between variables
• What is the problem with bar graphs in data visualization?

  They can bias perception of differences
• What do error bars in bar graphs indicate?

  Uncertainty and variability in data
• What can error bars represent?

  Standard deviation, standard error, or confidence intervals
• What are the key characteristics of good data visualization practices?

  • Clarity and simplicity
  • Accurate representation of data
  • Accessibility for all audiences
  • Avoiding misleading visuals
• What are the key characteristics of bad data visualization practices?

  • Misleading scales
  • Overcomplicated visuals
  • Lack of context
  • Ignoring accessibility
• What type of variables are used in Counsell and Cribbie (2020)?

  One continuous and one categorical variable
• What does the continuous variable in the study measure?

  Attitudes towards learning statistics with R
• What scale is used for the continuous variable?

  1 to 7 scale
• What does a score of 1 represent on the scale?

  Hate it
• What does a score of 7 represent on the scale?

  Love it
• What are the categories of the categorical variable?

  1st years, 2nd years, postgrads
• What is a common issue with bar graphs?

  They can bias perception of error
• What do error bars indicate?

  Uncertainty and variability in data
• What can bar graphs lead to in terms of group differences?

  Overestimation of differences between groups
• What do dot plots remove compared to bar graphs?

  The perception of certainty
• What can be added to dot plots to show variability?

  Raw data
• What is the purpose of violin plots?

  • Alternative to plotting raw data
  • Mirrored density plot
  • Highlights the shape of data distribution
• What do box plots show?

  • Median
  • 1st quartile
  • 3rd quartile
  • Potential outliers
• When should you use a dot plot?

  To show means and variability