Creoles Revision

• What is the superstrate language of Tok Pisin?

  English
• What are the substrate languages of Tok Pisin?

  Melanesian languages
• Why is there some German influence in Tok Pisin?

  Due to partial German rule until 1919
• Where is Tok Pisin spoken?

  Papua New Guinea/South Pacific Area
• What is the superstrate language of Sranen?

  English
• What are the superstrate languages of Sranen?

  English, Maroon languages
• What is the influence on Sranen from Dutch?

  Some Dutch influence
• What is the superstrate language of Saramaccan?

  English
• What is the superstrate language of N*gerhollands?

  Dutch
• What are the substrate dialects of N*gerhollands?

  Smaller Dutch and Danish dialects
• What is the superstrate language of Skepi?

  Dutch
• What is the superstrate language of Berbice?

  Dutch
• What is the superstrate language of Jamaican Creoles?

  English
• What are the substrate languages of Jamaican Creoles?

  West African languages
• What is the superstrate language of Palenquero?

  Spanish
• What is the substrate language of Palenquero?

  Kikongo
• What are the superstrate languages of Papiamentu?

  Spanish/Portuguese
• Where is Papiamentu spoken?

  On Dutch Caribbean islands
• What is the superstrate language of Angolar?

  Portuguese
• What is the substrate language of Angolar?

  Kimbundu
• What is the superstrate language of Haitian?

  French
• What are the substrate languages of Haitian?

  West African languages
• What is the superstrate language of Gullah?

  English
• What is the superstrate language of Príncipe?

  Portuguese
• What is the superstrate language of Bahamian?

  English
• What is the superstrate language of Miskito Coast?

  English
• Where is Miskito Coast spoken?

  On Caribbean Sea
• What is a characteristic feature of Sranen language structure?

  Tendency towards CV structure
• What is an example of paragogic vowels in Sranen?

  “grotto” for “great” from Dutch “groot”
• What does the term consonant cluster reduction refer to in Sranen?

  Reduction of consonant clusters in words
• What is an example of consonant cluster reduction in Sranen?

  “tom” from Dutch “stomp”
• What are epenthetic vowels in Sranen?

  Vowels inserted into words
• Give an example of an epenthetic vowel in Sranen.

  “kini” from Dutch “knie”
• What does the equative "be" indicate in Sranen?

  General capability or qualifications
• How is "I am a boatman" expressed in Sranen?

  “mi na botoman”
• What does "mi de botoman" mean in Sranen?

  Current occupation as a boatman
• What percentage of words in N*gerhollands are derived from Dutch according to Stolz 1984?

  84%
• What is the source of 7.5% of words in N*gerhollands?

  English
• What is the percentage of words from African languages in N*gerhollands?

  5%
• What is a phrasal interrogative in N*gerhollands?

  “a’pe” meaning “where”