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FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICINE
WEEK 1
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Cards (444)
What do cells and organelles need to do with molecules?
Take up and release
molecules
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What is required for cells to take up or release molecules?
Membrane proteins
are required
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What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer
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What does it mean that the cell membrane is selectively permeable?
It allows certain
substances
to pass
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What does the plasma membrane separate?
Intracellular
contents from
extracellular
environment
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What is the role of intracellular membranes?
They separate
organelle
contents from the cell
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What happens without membranes in cells?
No
concentration gradients
, no
energy
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How does simple diffusion differ from transporter-mediated diffusion?
Simple diffusion is
non-saturable
,
linear kinetics
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What percentage of the human genome codes for membrane proteins?
Approximately
20%
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What percentage of drug targets are membrane proteins?
60%
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What are the typical protein and lipid compositions of different cell membranes?
Typical cell plasma membrane:
50%
protein, 50% lipid
Mitochondrial
inner membrane:
75%
protein,
25%
lipid
Myelin sheath
: 25% protein, 75% lipid
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What is the significance of membrane proteins in selective permeability?
They act as
gateways
for solutes
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What are the two types of domains in membrane proteins?
Hydrophilic
and
hydrophobic
domains
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How do hydrophilic domains interact with the environment?
They interact with the
aqueous
environment
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How do hydrophobic domains interact with the phospholipid bilayer?
They interact with the
non-aqueous
core
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What structure do most eukaryotic integral membrane proteins form?
Alpha-helices
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What is the hydropathy index of an amino acid?
A number representing
hydrophobic
properties
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What are the types of transmembrane proteins?
Single pass
α-helix
Multiple pass α-helix
Rolled up
β-sheet
(β-barrel)
Anchored by
amphiphilic alpha helix
Via
lipid anchors
Membrane-associated proteins
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How do membrane proteins interact with the membrane?
Through various
non-covalent interactions
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What is the role of glycosylation in extracellular domains?
It provides protective
carbohydrate
layers
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What are the functions of the carbohydrate layer on cells?
Protects from
extracellular proteases
Facilitates
cell-to-cell communication
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What are the two main classes of membrane transport proteins?
Channel Proteins
Transporter Proteins
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What types of molecules can diffuse across the lipid membrane?
Hydrophobic
and small
nonpolar
molecules
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How do facilitated transport proteins assist charged solutes?
They shield them from
membrane
repulsion
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What is the function of channel proteins?
They create continuous pores for
transport
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How do transporter proteins facilitate diffusion?
By inducing
conformational
changes upon binding
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What is the role of ATP in active transport?
It drives transport against
concentration gradients
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How does membrane potential affect ion transport?
It influences the entry of
cations
and
anions
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What is the electrochemical gradient?
Combination of concentration and
electrical
gradients
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What is the typical membrane potential in human neurons?
Approximately -70
mV
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What is the effect of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump on Na+ transport?
It creates a powerful
electrochemical
gradient
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How do some channels/transporters utilize electrochemical gradients?
They harness gradients for
active transport
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What are the key contents discussed in the study material?
Protein
interactions with the membrane
Transport with the
concentration gradient
Transport against the concentration gradient
Transport of
glucose
across the membrane
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What are the main functions of membrane proteins?
Transport
solutes
Act as
receptors
Facilitate cell communication
Provide structural support
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What is the typical electrical potential across plasma membranes?
Negative
inside and
positive
outside
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What does the electrical potential across plasma membranes favor?
Entry of
cations
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What opposes the entry of anions across plasma membranes?
The
electrical potential
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What is the equation for the electrochemical gradient?
Concentration gradient
+
electrical gradient
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What is the approximate membrane potential of human neuronal plasma membranes?
Approximately -70
mV
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What does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump do?
Effluxes
Na+
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See all 444 cards
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