chapter 15

• What is a nucleophile?

  An atom or group attracted to electron deficient carbon
• What do nucleophiles do in a chemical reaction?

  They donate a pair of electrons to form a bond
• Give examples of nucleophiles.

  Hydroxide ions, water, and ammonia
• What is hydrolysis?

  A reaction where water causes a bond to break
• How reactive are haloalkanes?

  The carbon-halogen bond is polar and attracts nucleophiles
• What happens during nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes?

  A nucleophile substitutes the halogen in a reaction
• What is the first step in nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes?

  A nucleophile is attracted to the less electronegative carbon
• What occurs after the nucleophile donates its lone pair?

  Heterolytic fission breaks the C-X bond
• What products are formed in nucleophilic substitution?

  An alcohol and a halide salt or ion
• How can hydrolysis of a haloalkane be performed?

  Using water with AgNO₃ and ethanol
• What happens during the hydrolysis reaction?

  A precipitate AgX is formed
• Why is ethanol used in hydrolysis of haloalkanes?

  Ethanol allows mixing of water and haloalkane
• What is the trend in rates of hydrolysis of primary haloalkanes?

  Rate increases as carbon-halogen bond strength decreases
• What happens in the stratosphere regarding ozone?

  Ozone is produced and broken down by UV light
• How do O radicals form in the stratosphere?

  High energy UV breaks down O₂ into O radicals
• What equilibrium state is formed in the stratosphere?

  Equilibrium between O₂ and O radicals
• How do CFCs affect the ozone layer?

  CFCs break down ozone via photodissociation
• What is photodissociation?

  Breaking C-X bond to form radicals using UV
• What happens during the propagation steps of ozone depletion?

  Cl radicals react with ozone to deplete it
• Why are CFCs not solely responsible for ozone depletion?

  Other radicals like NO₂ also contribute
• How do NO₂ radicals form?

  They are formed via lightning and aircraft travel
• What is the overall reaction for ozone depletion by NO radicals?

  O₃ + O → 2O₂