development key concepts

• What is the focus of the unit on development dynamics?

  It focuses on poorer countries' economic development.
• Which two countries are used as case studies in development dynamics?

  Malawi and India
• What are the differences between rural and urban areas in India regarding development?

  Rural areas often lack resources compared to urban areas.
• What are the main types of development indicators?

  • Economic indicators (e.g., GDP, PPP)
  • Social indicators (e.g., access to clean water)
  • Environmental indicators (e.g., pollution levels)
• What does HDI stand for?

  Human Development Index
• What three elements comprise the Human Development Index (HDI)?

  GDP, healthcare, and education
• How does corruption affect development in countries?

  Corruption leads to misallocation of resources.
• What is the significance of the corruption index?

  It measures the level of corruption in countries.
• Which country is noted as the happiest in the world?

  Costa Rica
• What demographic indicators are used to measure development?

  Birth rate, death rate, and life expectancy
• How does population structure differ between poorer and richer countries?

  • Poorer countries: triangular shape, high birth and death rates
  • Richer countries: barrel shape, lower birth rates, higher life expectancy
• What is the relationship between economic indicators and social indicators?

  Higher economic indicators lead to better social indicators.
• Why is women's health and education important for development?

  Educated women contribute to economic growth.
• What types of countries are categorized in development dynamics?

  • High-income countries (HICs)
  • Low-income countries (LICs)
  • Middle-income countries (BRICS)
  • Newly industrialized countries (NICs)
• What is the significance of being landlocked for Malawi?

  It makes trade difficult due to lack of ports.
• What are the human factors affecting Malawi's development?

  Poor terms of trade and lack of jobs
• What does "terms of trade" refer to?

  Money spent compared to money earned
• How does colonialism impact Malawi's economy today?

  Land ownership and profits benefit foreign companies.
• What is neocolonialism in the context of Malawi?

  TNCs control land and profits from cash crops.
• Why is measuring development important for poorer countries?

  It helps identify areas for improvement.
• How does education impact economic development?

  It increases job opportunities and productivity.
• How does climate change affect agricultural commodities?

  It causes price fluctuations and uncertainty.
• What are cash crops and their significance in Malawi?

  They are crops grown for profit, often by TNCs.
• How does population structure relate to economic development?

  It reflects health, education, and economic conditions.
• What is the impact of globalization on development dynamics?

  It can create both opportunities and challenges.
• Why is governance important for economic development?

  Good governance ensures effective resource allocation.
• What is a poverty trap?

  A cycle where poverty persists due to lack of resources.
• Why do Malawi farmers find it difficult to plan their economy?

  Commodity prices fluctuate due to climate change
• What commodities are mentioned that vary in price?

  Tea and coffee
• How does climate change affect commodity prices?

  It causes fluctuations in temperature and weather
• What impact does colonialism have on Malawi's economy?

  It hinders economic development and profit retention
• What does neocolonialism involve in Malawi?

  TNCs taking over land for cash crops
• What is the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

  To eliminate taxes and tariffs on goods
• How does the UK government affect Malawian goods in the market?

  By imposing tariffs on imported goods
• Why is cocoa mentioned in relation to unfair trade practices?

  Ghana could sell cheaper chocolate than Cadbury's
• What is the consequence of Malawi not processing its raw goods?

  It misses out on added value and profits
• What are the stages of Rostow's model of development?

  1. Traditional society (agriculture)
  2. Pre-takeoff (beginning manufacturing)
  3. Takeoff (manufacturing and services)
  4. Drive to maturity (industrial growth)
  5. Mass consumption (high consumer spending)
• What criticism is made against Rostow's model?

  It doesn't account for colonialism's impact
• What does Frank's dependency model emphasize?

  The relationship between core and periphery countries
• What is a limitation of Frank's dependency model?

  It overlooks the rise of BRICS nations