All of them

• When is the birth of Psychology identified?

  1879
• Who established the first psychological laboratory?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What was the focus of Wundt's work in psychology?

  Moving psychology to controlled research
• What was the name of Wundt's laboratory?

  Institute of Experimental Psychology
• What method did Wundt use to study the mind?

  Introspection
• What does structuralism aim to study?

  The structure of the mind
• What are the components of behavior according to Wundt?

  Thoughts, feelings, sensations, emotional reactions
• How did participants use introspection?

  By analyzing their own conscious experiences
• What were participants trained to do during introspection?

  To make data objective rather than subjective
• Did Wundt use the scientific method?

  Yes, under controlled conditions
• What was a limitation of Wundt's introspection method?

  It relied on non-observable responses
• Why was Wundt's data considered subjective?

  It was based on personal opinions
• What did Wundt's work contribute to psychology?

  Established psychology as an independent science
• What did Wundt identify that could not be studied strictly?

  Higher mental processes
• What field did Wundt's work lead to?

  Cultural psychology
• Who criticized Wundt's work for being too subjective?

  John Watson
• What did behaviorists seek to achieve in psychology?

  More objective and measurable studies
• What is the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

  Food
• What is the unconditioned response in classical conditioning?

  Salivation
• What happens when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

  They become associated
• What is the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

  Bell
• What is the conditioned response in classical conditioning?

  Salivation to the bell
• Why is timing important in classical conditioning?

  It affects the association strength
• What is extinction in classical conditioning?

  The association is not permanent
• What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

  Faster response after re-pairing stimuli
• What is generalization in classical conditioning?

  Response to similar stimuli
• What are the three types of consequences in operant conditioning?

  Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Receiving a reward for behavior
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Avoiding something unpleasant
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?

  An unpleasant consequence of behavior
• What happens when a rat presses a lever in a Skinner box for food?

  It experiences positive reinforcement
• What happens when loud music is played in the Skinner box?

  The rat experiences negative reinforcement
• What happens when a rat gets shocked in the Skinner box?

  It experiences punishment
• What is continuous reinforcement?

  Rewarding every time a behavior occurs
• What is partial reinforcement?

  Rewarding after a varying number of responses
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of behaviorism?

  Strengths:

  • Real-world applications (therapies)
  • Highly scientific and replicable studies

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Ethical concerns with animal experiments
  • Highly deterministic view of behavior
• What are the key concepts of Social Learning Theory?

  • Modelling: Displaying behavior to be copied
  • Imitation: Copying behavior
  • Identification: Likelihood of copying based on model characteristics
  • Vicarious reinforcement: Consequences faced by others
• What are the mediational processes in Social Learning Theory?

  Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
• What did Bandura's research involve?

  Children observing adults with a Bobo doll
• What was the outcome of Bandura's Condition 1?

  Children were more aggressive towards the doll