behavioural approach

• No concern with consciousness

  Behavioural psychologists do not concern themselves with the conscious or subconscious mental states of an individual.
• Focus on observable behaviour

  Behavioural psychologists focus on observable behaviour, not on inner thoughts, feelings, or motivations.
• Behaviour is learned


  Behaviour is acquired through environmental factors, such as reinforcement, punishment, and conditioning.
• Positive Reinforcement


  Adding a pleasing stimulus (e.g., food, praise, attention) after a behavior to increase the likelihood of the behavior repeating.
• Negative Reinforcement


  Removing an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., noise, discomfort) after a behavior to increase the likelihood of the behavior repeating.
• Positive Punishment


  Adding an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., scolding, punishment) after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior repeating.
• Negative Punishment


  Removing a pleasing stimulus (e.g., privilege, reward) after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of the behavior repeating.
• Goal of Reinforcement


  Strengthening a desired behavior.
• Goal of Punishment


  Eliminating an undesired behavior.
• Type of Reinforcement


  Both positive and negative.
• Type of Punishment


  Both positive and negative.
• Education reward system


  Students earn rewards or stars on a chart for completing their homework or reading a certain number of books. This positive reinforcement motivates them to develop good study habits.
• Traffic congestion solution


  A city installs a traffic light system that optimizes traffic flow, reducing congestion and travel time. This negative reinforcement (removal of unpleasant stimulus) encourages commuters to adapt to the new system and adjust their driving habits.
• What does the behaviourist approach reject?

  Introspection
• What is the primary focus of the behaviourist approach?


  Observable behaviour
• Who brought forward the behaviourist approach?

  Watson
• Which researchers are associated with the behaviourist approach?

  Pavlov and Skinner
• What type of experiments did Pavlov and Skinner conduct?

  Controlled laboratory experiments
• What does conditioning mean in the context of behaviourism?

  Teaching behaviour based on consequences
• What type of conditioning did Pavlov focus on?

  Classical conditioning
• What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

  Food
• What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

  The sound of the bell
• What did Pavlov demonstrate with his experiment on dogs?

  Dogs could salivate at the sound of a bell
• What became the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

  The sound of the bell
• What was the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

  Salivation
• What type of conditioning did Skinner focus on?

  Operant conditioning
• What did Skinner use in his experiments with rats?

  A box with mechanisms for reinforcement
• What is positive reinforcement according to Skinner?

  Rewarding behaviour with a positive response
• How did Skinner demonstrate negative reinforcement?

  By stopping an unpleasant consequence
• What happened when the rat pressed the lever in Skinner's experiment?

  A food pellet dropped
• What was the outcome of Skinner's experiment with the rat and the lever?

  The rat learned to press the lever for food
• What does negative reinforcement do to behaviour?

  It strengthens behaviour by removing unpleasant consequences
• What was the unpleasant consequence in Skinner's negative reinforcement experiment?

  Electric current
• What did Skinner's experiment show about behaviour learning?

  Behaviour is learned based on responses