Quantitative analysis

• What is a titration?

  An experiment to determine reactant volumes
• Why are titrations important?

  They provide accurate results for chemical reactions
• What is the method for carrying out a titration?

  1. Measure alkali with a pipette
  2. Add indicator to the alkali
  3. Fill burette with acid
  4. Record initial acid volume
  5. Perform a rough titration
  6. Identify end-point with color change
  7. Record final acid volume
  8. Calculate rough titre
  9. Conduct accurate titration
  10. Record final acid volume again
  11. Repeat for concordant results
• What is the purpose of a rough titration?

  To estimate the amount of acid needed
• How do you identify the end-point of a titration?

  The indicator changes color when neutralized
• What should you do with the initial and final readings of the burette?

  Subtract to find the volume of acid used
• How many concordant results should you aim for in a titration?

  At least three results within 0.10 cm³
• What equipment is used in a titration?

  • Pipette with pipette filler
  • Burette
  • Flask
  • Indicator
• What does a pipette measure?

  A set volume of solution
• What is the function of a burette?

  To measure and add solution drop by drop
• What is the meniscus?

  The curve in the surface of a liquid
• Why should you read the meniscus at eye level?

  To ensure an accurate volume measurement
• What are the tips for conducting a titration effectively?

  • Use a white tile for visibility
  • Conduct multiple trials for reliability
  • Calculate mean from concordant results
  • Perform a risk assessment before starting
• Why is universal indicator not suitable for titrations?

  It changes color too gradually
• Which indicators are suitable for titrations?

  Methyl orange, phenolphthalein, and litmus
• What is the role of indicators in titrations?

  To signal the end-point of the reaction
• How do you calculate the mean volume of acid used in a titration?

  • Use concordant results
  • Ignore rough titers and anomalies
  • Add the volumes and divide by the number of results
• What is the significance of knowing the concentration of one reactant in titrations?

  It allows calculation of the other reactant's concentration
• What is the purpose of a risk assessment in laboratory experiments?

  To identify and mitigate potential hazards