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biology
paper one
infection and response
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Alyssa Smith
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Cards (91)
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms that cause disease
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What type of diseases do pathogens cause?
Communicable (infectious) diseases
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Can both plants and animals be infected by pathogens?
Yes, both can be infected
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How small are bacteria compared to body cells?
About 1/1000th the size
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How do bacteria make you feel ill?
By producing toxins that damage cells
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Are viruses considered cells?
No, they are not cells
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How do viruses replicate?
Using the host cell's machinery
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What happens to the host cell after a virus replicates?
The cell usually bursts, releasing viruses
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What are protists?
Single-celled eukaryotes
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How can some protists cause damage to organisms?
By living on or inside them as parasites
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What are fungi made up of?
Hyphae and sometimes single cells
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How do hyphae cause disease?
By penetrating skin and plant surfaces
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How can pathogens be spread through water?
By drinking or bathing in dirty water
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What is an example of a disease spread by water?
Cholera
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How can pathogens be spread through air?
By being breathed in from droplets
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What is an example of an airborne pathogen?
Influenza virus
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How can pathogens be spread through direct contact?
By touching contaminated surfaces
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What is an example of a disease spread by direct contact?
Athlete's foot
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What are three viral diseases you need to know about?
Measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
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How is measles spread?
By droplets from sneezes or coughs
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What are the symptoms of measles?
Red rash and fever
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What complications can arise from measles?
Pneumonia and encephalitis
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When are most people vaccinated against measles?
When they are young
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How is HIV spread?
By sexual contact or bodily fluids
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What are the initial symptoms of HIV?
Flu-like symptoms for a few weeks
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What happens after the initial symptoms of HIV?
No symptoms for several years
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How can HIV be controlled?
With antiretroviral drugs
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What does HIV attack in the body?
The immune cells
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What is late-stage HIV infection called?
AIDS
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What does tobacco mosaic virus affect?
Many species of plants
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What symptom does TMV cause in plants?
Mosaic pattern on leaves
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How does TMV affect plant growth?
Reduces photosynthesis efficiency
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What is rose black spot?
A fungal disease affecting roses
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What symptoms does rose black spot cause?
Purple or black spots on leaves
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How does rose black spot affect plant growth?
Reduces photosynthesis and growth
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How is rose black spot spread?
Through water or wind
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How can gardeners treat rose black spot?
Using fungicides and removing affected leaves
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What is malaria caused by?
A protist
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What role do mosquitoes play in malaria?
They are vectors for the protist
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How does malaria spread through mosquitoes?
By inserting the protist into blood vessels
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