organisation

• What is the basic building block of all living organisms?

  Cells
• What is the process called when cells become specialized?

  Differentiation
• What do specialized cells form?

  Tissues
• What is the hierarchy of organization in multicellular organisms?

  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
• What is a tissue?

  A group of similar cells
• What is muscular tissue responsible for?

  Contracting towards what it’s attached to
• What does glandular tissue do?

  Makes and secretes chemicals
• What is epithelial tissue's function?

  Covers parts of the body
• What is an organ?

  A group of different tissues
• What is the function of the stomach?

  Churns food and digests it
• What is an organ system?

  A group of organs working together
• What does the digestive system do?

  Breaks down and absorbs food
• What are the components of the digestive system?

  Glands, stomach, small intestine, liver
• What is the role of bile?

  Neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats
• What is an enzyme?

  A biological catalyst
• How do enzymes affect chemical reactions?

  They speed up reactions without being used up
• What are enzymes made of?

  Proteins
• What is the active site of an enzyme?

  The part that fits the substrate
• Why are enzymes specific to reactions?

  Each enzyme fits only one substrate
• What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured?

  Its active site changes shape
• What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?

  The temperature they work best at
• What effect does pH have on enzymes?

  It can denature the enzyme
• What is the formula to calculate the rate of reaction?

  Rate = change / time
• If amylase breaks down starch in 90 seconds, what is the rate of reaction?

  11 cm³/s
• What do digestive enzymes do to large molecules?

  Break them down into smaller molecules
• What is amylase's function?

  Breaks down starch
• Where is amylase produced?

  Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
• What do proteases do?

  Convert proteins into amino acids
• Where are proteases produced?

  Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
• What do lipases convert lipids into?

  Glycerol and fatty acids
• Where are lipases produced?

  Pancreas and small intestine
• What is the role of bile in digestion?

  Neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats
• Where is bile produced?

  Liver
• What does bile do to fats?

  Emulsifies fats into tiny droplets
• What are the main digestive organs and their functions?

  • Stomach: churns food, produces pepsin
  • Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes
  • Small intestine: absorbs digested food
  • Liver: produces bile
  • Gall bladder: stores bile
• What is the first step in preparing a food sample for testing?

  Break it up using a pestle and mortar
• What is the purpose of adding distilled water to the food sample?

  To dissolve some of the food
• What is the final step in preparing a food sample for testing?

  Filter the solution
• What is the optimal pH for protease enzyme activity?

  pH 2 – acidic
• Which enzymes does the pancreas produce?

  Protease, amylase, and lipase