cell biology

• What does uncertainty represent in measurements?

  Amount of error in measurements
• Why do repeated measurements yield different figures?

  Due to random error in measurements
• What contributes to uncertainty in measurements?

  Limits in the resolution of equipment
• How do you calculate the uncertainty of a mean result?

  Use the equation involving range
• What does a larger range indicate about measurement precision?

  Less precision and more uncertainty
• How is uncertainty represented in results?

  Using the '±' symbol
• What is the uncertainty of the mean if the volume of CO₂ produced is 20.0 ± 0.150 cm³?

  0.150 cm³
• How can measuring a greater amount reduce uncertainty?

  It reduces percentage uncertainty in results
• What is an evaluation in scientific investigation?

  • A critical analysis of the investigation
  • Comments on method validity and variable control
  • Assessment of result quality and reliability
  • Identification of anomalous results and uncertainties
  • Suggestions for method improvements
• What should you comment on regarding the method in an evaluation?

  Its validity and variable control
• What aspects of results should be evaluated?

  Evidence quality for valid conclusions
• What should you do if there are anomalous results?

  Try to explain their cause
• How does analysis affect confidence in conclusions?

  It helps assess confidence level
• What changes can improve the quality of results?

  Control variables better or increase measurements
• What is differentiation in cells?

  The process of becoming specialized
• What are the two types of cells that organisms can be made up of?

  Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
• What is a prokaryotic cell?

  A single-celled organism
• What are the main subcellular structures found in animal cells?

  Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes
• What are the additional subcellular structures found in plant cells compared to animal cells?

  Cell wall, permanent vacuole, chloroplasts
• What is the main difference between bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells?

  Bacterial cells lack a true nucleus and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts
• What is the formula to calculate the magnification of an image?

  Magnification = image size / real size
• If a specimen is 50 μm wide and the image is magnified 100 times, what is the width of the image in mm?

  $5 \text{ mm}$
• Why are electron microscopes able to see smaller structures than light microscopes?

  Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light, allowing for higher magnification and resolution
• What is the process called when a cell changes to become specialized for a particular function?

  Differentiation
• What are some examples of specialized cell types and their functions?

  • Sperm cells: Specialized for reproduction, have a streamlined head and long tail
  • Nerve cells: Specialized for rapid signaling, have long branched connections
  • Muscle cells: Specialized for contraction, are long and contain many mitochondria
  • Root hair cells: Specialized for absorbing water and minerals, have long "hairs" that stick into the soil
  • Phloem and xylem cells: Specialized for transporting substances like food and water in plants, are long and joined end-to-end
• What are chromosomes?

  Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules that contain genetic information
• How many copies of each chromosome do normal body cells in humans have?

  Two copies
• What are the main stages of the cell cycle?

  • Growth and DNA replication: The cell grows and replicates its DNA before division
  • Mitosis: The cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
• What is the stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides called?

  Mitosis
• What is the purpose of the cell cycle and cell division in multicellular organisms?

  • Growth: Cells divide to produce new cells for the organism to grow
  • Development: Cells divide to form new tissues and organs as the organism develops
  • Repair: Cells divide to replace damaged or worn out cells
• What happens to the DNA in a cell before it divides?

  The DNA replicates so each daughter cell gets a full copy
• What do genes control in an organism?

  Development of different characteristics
• How many copies of each chromosome do body cells have?

  Two copies from mother and father
• How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human cell?

  23 pairs
• What is the cell cycle?

  • Series of stages for cell division
  • Produces new cells for growth, development, and repair
• What is the stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides?

  Mitosis
• Why do multicellular organisms use mitosis?

  To grow or replace damaged cells
• What is the result of the cell cycle?

  Two new cells identical to the original
• What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?

  1. Growth & DNA Replication
  2. Mitosis
• What happens to DNA in a non-dividing cell?

  It is spread out in long strings