Topic one week 3

• What does CHON stand for in biochemistry?

  Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
• What is the significance of triglycerides?

  They are energy storage molecules
• How is a triglyceride synthesized?

  By forming ester bonds during condensation reactions
• What distinguishes saturated lipids from unsaturated lipids?

  Saturated lipids have no carbon-carbon double bonds
• What are the structural and functional differences between types of lipids?

  • Saturated lipids: straight molecules, higher CVD risk
  • Unsaturated lipids: contain double bonds, healthier
  • Triglycerides: energy storage, composed of glycerol and fatty acids
• What are triglycerides composed of?

  Glycerol and three fatty acids
• How are triglycerides transported in the blood?

  In HDL or LDL lipoproteins
• What happens when triglycerides are hydrolyzed?

  They release fatty acid chains for respiration
• What is the structure of saturated fatty acids?

  Straight molecules with no bends
• What is cholesterol's role in cell membranes?

  It maintains membrane fluidity
• What is the significance of blood cholesterol levels?

  They are linked to cardiovascular disease risk
• What are lipoproteins?

  Triglycerides surrounded by phospholipids and proteins
• How does the liver convert excess energy?

  Into LDLs for fat transport to adipose tissues
• What is the composition of LDLs?

  More saturated fats and cholesterol, less protein
• What is the role of HDLs?

  Transport unsaturated fats and proteins
• What does a low HDL/LDL ratio indicate?

  It is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
• How do white blood cells relate to saturated fats?

  They absorb saturated fats to become foam cells
• What is the relationship between HDL/LDL ratio and CVD?

  A high ratio is protective against CVD
• What are the three types of carbohydrates?

  Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
• What are the structural features and functions of starch and glycogen?

  • Amylose: unbranched, coiled, energy storage in plants
  • Amylopectin: branched, faster glucose release
  • Glycogen: heavily branched, energy storage in animals
• How do monosaccharides form disaccharides?

  Through condensation reactions forming glycosidic bonds
• What are the disaccharides formed from monosaccharides?

  Sucrose, lactose, maltose
• How can glycosidic bonds be split?

  Through hydrolysis reactions
• What is the structure of alpha glucose?

  Six-carbon ring with hydroxyl groups
• What occurs during the condensation reaction of two alpha glucose molecules?

  Forming a glycosidic bond and releasing water