Inorganic Chemistry

• What are the elements in Group 1 - The Alkali Metals?

  Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
• What are the characteristics of alkali metals?

  Soft, shiny metals with low melting points
• How does reactivity change in Group 1 alkali metals?

  Reactivity increases down the group
• What do alkali metals form when they react with water?

  Hydroxides and hydrogen gas
• What is the general equation for alkali metals reacting with water?

  2M + 2H2O → 2MOH + H2
• What are the elements in Group 7 - The Halogens?

  Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine
• What are the characteristics of halogens?

  Diatomic molecules with decreasing reactivity down the group
• What are the states and colors of halogens at room temperature?

  Fluorine (gas), Chlorine (green gas), Bromine (red liquid), Iodine (purple solid)
• Why do halogens have higher reactivity at the top of the group?

  Due to stronger attraction for electrons
• What happens in displacement reactions involving halogens?

  More reactive halogens displace less reactive ones
• What is an example of a displacement reaction involving halogens?

  Cl2 + 2KBr → 2KCl + Br2
• What is the composition of gases in the atmosphere?

  Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%, Argon ~0.9%, Carbon Dioxide ~0.04%
• How can oxygen levels be determined experimentally?

  By combustion of phosphorus or iron filings
• What role does oxygen play in combustion?

  Oxygen supports combustion
• What happens when carbon dioxide is bubbled through limewater?

  It turns limewater milky
• What are the sources of carbon dioxide?

  Combustion of fossil fuels, respiration, decomposition
• What is the environmental impact of carbon dioxide?

  It is a greenhouse gas contributing to climate change
• What do metals react with to form metal oxides?

  Oxygen
• What do metals react with to produce salt and hydrogen gas?

  Acids
• What is the general equation for a metal reacting with an acid?

  Metal + Acid → Salt + H2
• What is the order of reactivity in the reactivity series?

  Potassium > Sodium > Calcium > Magnesium > Aluminum > Zinc > Iron > Lead > Copper > Silver > Gold
• How does the reactivity series determine chemical reactions?

  It determines displacement reactions and reactions with water/acids
• How is iron extracted?

  Using a blast furnace with hematite (Fe2O3)
• What conditions are required for rusting?

  Water and oxygen
• What are methods to prevent rusting?

  Painting, galvanizing, or oiling
• What is reduction in terms of electrons and oxygen?

  Gain of electrons or loss of oxygen
• What is oxidation in terms of electrons and oxygen?

  Loss of electrons or gain of oxygen
• What is an example of iron oxide reduction?

  Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
• What is aluminum used for?

  Aircraft due to being lightweight
• What is copper used for?

  Electrical wiring due to conductivity
• What is iron/steel used for?

  Construction
• What do acids release in water?

  H+ ions
• What do alkalis release in water?

  OH− ions
• What is the neutralization reaction between H+ and OH− ions?

  H+ + OH− → H2O
• What is the reaction of an acid with a metal?

  Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
• What is the reaction of an acid with a base?

  Acid + Base → Salt + Water
• What is the reaction of an acid with a carbonate?

  Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
• What is the purpose of titrations?

  To determine unknown concentrations
• What is the key formula for concentration in titrations?

  Concentration (mol/dm³) = Moles/Volume (dm³)
• What are precipitation reactions used for?

  To form an insoluble salt from soluble salts