aldehydes and ketones

• What is the carbonyl functional group represented as?

  C double bond O
• Where is the carbonyl group located in aldehydes?

  At the end of the carbon chain
• How do aldehydes typically end in nomenclature?

  They end in -al
• What is an example of an aldehyde mentioned in the video?

  Propanal
• How do ketones typically end in nomenclature?

  They end in -one
• Where is the carbonyl group located in ketones?

  In the middle of the carbon chain
• What is an example of a ketone mentioned in the video?

  Propanone
• What happens to aldehydes when they are oxidized?

  They form carboxylic acids
• Can ketones be oxidized?

  No, ketones cannot be oxidized
• What reagent is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones?

  Tollens' reagent
• What is the result of the silver mirror test with aldehydes?

  A silver mirror forms
• What is the first step in making Tollens' reagent?

  Add silver nitrate to a test tube
• What color does Fehling's solution turn if an aldehyde is present?

  From blue to brick red
• What do both Tollens' reagent and Fehling's solution have in common?

  They are both oxidizing agents
• What do aldehydes reduce to?

  Primary alcohols
• What do ketones reduce to?

  Secondary alcohols
• What reducing agent is mentioned for reducing aldehydes and ketones?

  Sodium borohydride
• How is a reducing agent represented in chemical equations?

  With H in square brackets
• What is the role of hydrogen in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

  It acts as the reducing agent
• How many reducing agents are needed to reduce an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?

  Two reducing agents
• What is the product of reducing a ketone?

  A secondary alcohol
• What is the general outcome of reducing both aldehydes and ketones?

  Both produce alcohols
• What is required at the end of the oxygens in the molecule discussed?

  A hydrogen atom
• Why do we need two of the mentioned molecules?

  To balance the hydrogen atoms
• What type of alcohol do ketones primarily form when reduced?

  Secondary alcohols
• What is the reducing agent mentioned for ketones?

  Sodium borohydride (NaBH4)
• What do all aldehydes produce when reduced?

  Primary alcohols
• What is the role of the hydride ion (H-) in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

  It acts as a reducing agent
• How does the mechanism for reducing aldehydes differ from ketones?

  There is no difference in the mechanism
• What happens to the electrons in the double bond during the reduction mechanism?

  They break and move to the oxygen
• What type of reaction occurs when aldehydes or ketones react with potassium cyanide?

  Nucleophilic addition reaction
• What is formed when a hydroxy nitrile is produced?

  It contains both hydroxyl and nitrile groups
• What is the generic equation for the reaction of an aldehyde with potassium cyanide?

  Aldehyde + KCN + H+ → Hydroxy nitrile
• What happens when using unsymmetrical ketones or aldehydes in reactions?

  A mixture of enantiomers is produced
• Why is potassium cyanide preferred over hydrogen cyanide in reactions?

  It is easier to handle and less toxic
• What precautions should be taken when handling potassium cyanide?

  Wear gloves and safety goggles
• What can potassium cyanide produce when it reacts with moisture?

  Toxic hydrogen cyanide gas
• What should be done to prevent skin contact with potassium cyanide?

  Wear gloves during handling
• Why is it important to wear safety goggles in the lab?

  To protect eyes from harmful substances
• What is the purpose of wearing a lab coat in the lab?

  To prevent clothing contamination