carboxylic acids and derivatives

• What type of acids are carboxylic acids?

  Weak acids
• What do carboxylic acids produce when they react with carbonates?

  Carbon dioxide, salt, and water
• What does the equilibrium of weak acids favor?

  The carboxylic acid form
• What is the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate?

  Produces sodium ethanoate, water, and CO₂
• What is the role of sulfuric acid in esterification?

  It acts as a catalyst
• What is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol?

  An ester and water
• What is an acid anhydride?

  A carboxylic acid without the hydroxyl group
• How are esters named?

  From the alcohol and carboxylic acid used
• What is the first part of an ester name derived from?

  The alcohol used in the reaction
• How do you name an ester formed from ethanol and propanoic acid?

  Ethyl propanoate
• What is a common use of esters in the industry?

  In perfumes and food flavorings
• What is a characteristic smell of esters?

  Sweet smell
• Why are esters used in glues?

  They evaporate easily, leaving a solid
• What is the role of plasticizers in plastics?

  To make plastics more flexible
• What is a concern regarding plasticizers in children's toys?

  They can leach out and be toxic
• What is the purpose of glue when applied to a surface?

  To harden and stick objects together
• What happens to glue over time after application?

  The solvent evaporates, leaving hardened resin
• How are plasticizers used in plastics?

  To make plastics more flexible during polymerization
• What is a common example of a product containing plasticizers?

  Rubber ducks
• Why are there strict laws regarding plasticizers in children's toys?

  They can leach out and be toxic
• What happens to plastics over time when exposed to sunlight?

  They become brittle and break down
• What is hydrolysis in the context of esters?

  Breaking down an ester using water
• What are the two types of hydrolysis for esters?

  Acid hydrolysis and base hydrolysis
• What is the role of an acid in acid hydrolysis of esters?

  To speed up the reaction
• What is produced from acid hydrolysis of an ester?

  A carboxylic acid and an alcohol
• What is the function of reflux in ester hydrolysis?

  To prevent evaporation of reactants
• What is the formula for glycerol?

  C3H8O3
• What are the two types of fatty acids?

  Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
• Why are saturated fats considered unhealthy?

  They can increase bad cholesterol levels
• Where are unsaturated fats commonly found?

  Nuts and vegetable oils
• What does the term "saturated" refer to in saturated fatty acids?

  Maximum hydrogen atoms per carbon
• What is produced when glycerol reacts with fatty acids?

  An ester that makes fats and oils
• What is the difference between fats and oils in terms of structure?

  Fats have saturated chains; oils have unsaturated
• Why do oils have lower melting points than fats?

  They cannot pack closely due to double bonds
• What is the process of making soap from fats and oils?

  Hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide produces soap
• What is the role of sodium hydroxide in soap production?

  It hydrolyzes fats and oils
• What type of ester is produced from animal fats?

  A saturated ester
• How does the structure of saturated fats affect their physical state?

  They pack tightly and are solid at room temperature
• How can you differentiate between fats and oils based on their molecular structure?

  Fats have no double bonds; oils have double bonds
• What is the significance of Van der Waals forces in fats and oils?

  They determine melting and boiling points