prejudice and racism

• What is the main focus of realistic group conflict theory?

  It focuses on the intergroup context rather than individual differences.
• What causes conflict according to realistic group conflict theory?

  Conflict arises where there is competition for resources.
• What is a consequence of competition for resources among groups?

  Groups become ethnocentric.
• From what type of studies was realistic group conflict theory developed?

  It was developed from a series of experiments conducted at summer camps.
• What are the studies called that contributed to the development of realistic group conflict theory?

  The Robbers Cave studies.
• Who conducted the Robbers Cave studies?

  Sherif conducted the studies in 1962 and 1966.
• What were the phases of the Robbers Cave studies?

  • Phase 1: Young boys arrived at summer camp and engaged in camp activities, forming friendships.
  • Phase 2: Competition was introduced between groups, leading to conflict.
  • Phase 3: Intergroup cooperation was encouraged to reduce conflict.
• What happened in Phase 1 of the Robbers Cave studies?

  Young boys arrived at summer camp and engaged in camp activities, forming friendships.
• What was the outcome of the boys engaging in camp activities during Phase 1?

  They formed friendships.
• What is the definition of prejudice according to Allport (1954)?

  Prejudice is an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization.
• How can prejudice be expressed according to Allport?

  Prejudice may be felt or expressed.
• Who is associated with the concept of racist social Darwinism?

  Galton is associated with racist social Darwinism.
• What did Galton want to apply Darwinian ideas to?

  Galton wanted to apply Darwinian ideas to the study of human qualities.
• What was Galton's fear regarding the European race?

  Galton was obsessed with the fear that the European race was in decline due to unfit breeding.
• What did Galton invent to demonstrate the characteristics of the 'fittest' individuals?

  Galton invented statistical techniques.
• What was Galton's political aim with his statistical techniques?

  His political aim was to collect data to show the 'racial' decay of the nation.
• What did the Eugenics Society aim to apply to humans?

  The Eugenics Society aimed to apply principles of animal breeding to humans.
• What was the 'scientific answer' proposed by the Eugenics Society to political problems?

  The 'scientific answer' was to encourage the 'fit' to breed and discourage the 'unfit'.
• Who were attracted to Eugenic Societies?

  Respectable, educated members of society were attracted to Eugenic Societies.
• What was the eugenic idea behind Nazism?

  The eugenic idea behind Nazism was to forcibly prevent the 'unfit' from breeding through sterilization and murder.
• What was the focus of Katz and Braly's 1933 study?

  The focus was on racial stereotypes of 100 college students.
• How many times was Katz and Braly's study repeated?

  The study was repeated twice.
• What was the most common adjective chosen to describe "the English" in 1933?

  Sportsmanlike was the most common adjective chosen.
• What was the most common adjective chosen to describe "Turks" in 1933?

  Cruel was the most common adjective chosen.
• Why are shared stereotypes considered evidence of irrational prejudice?

  Because these judgments cannot have been based on first-hand experience.
• How do social psychologists view prejudice?

  Social psychologists regard prejudice as a cause of social inequality and discrimination.
• Who introduced the concept of the Authoritarian Personality in 1950?

  Adorno introduced the concept of the Authoritarian Personality.
• What causes people to be prejudiced according to the Authoritarian Personality theory?

  People are prejudiced due to their inner psychology and strict rearing practices.
• How many American participants were involved in the study of the Authoritarian Personality?

  2,000 American participants were involved.
• What scales were measured alongside the F scale in the Authoritarian Personality study?

  The A-S scale and E scale were measured alongside the F scale.
• What was found to correlate highly with the F scale in the Authoritarian Personality study?

  The A-S and E scales were found to correlate highly with the F scale.
• What are some characteristics of the authoritarian personality?

  Characteristics include respect for authority and rigidity.
• What did Billig (1978) find in his study of National Front groups in the UK?

  Only one of the 11 National Front members interviewed showed authoritarian characteristics.
• What criticism did Billig make regarding Hitler's view of Jews?

  Hitler did not see Jews as a weaker 'other' but was obsessed with world domination.
• What was the first phase of the Robbers Cave studies?

  In the first phase, young boys arrived at a summer camp and engaged in activities.
• What developed during the intergroup competition in the Robbers Cave studies?

  Hostility developed between the groups during intergroup competition.
• What was the outcome of developing superordinate goals in the Robbers Cave studies?

  Cooperation resulted in better ingroup relations.
• What does the social cognitive approach argue about stereotypes and prejudice?

  The social cognitive approach argues that stereotypes are the cognitive component of bias, while prejudice is the affective component.
• What are stereotypes according to social identity theory?

  Stereotypes are schemas about specific social groups.
• How are stereotypes often characterized when about an outgroup?

  Stereotypes are often derogatory when about an outgroup.