kinetic theory

• What is pressure defined as?

  Force exerted per unit area
• What is the formula for pressure?

  $p =$$\frac{F}{A}$
• What units are used for pressure?

  Pascals (Pa)
• How is one pascal defined?

  One newton per square meter
• What happens to pressure when force increases?

  Pressure increases
• What happens to pressure when area decreases?

  Pressure increases
• What happens to pressure when force decreases?

  Pressure decreases
• What happens to pressure when area increases?

  Pressure decreases
• What remains fixed as a substance changes state?

  Mass
• What changes when a substance changes state?

  Volume and density
• What happens to molecules in a solid when heated?

  Molecules gain energy and vibrate more
• What occurs when the bonds in a solid lattice are broken?

  Molecules move more freely
• What is the relationship between liquid state and volume?

  Liquid occupies greater volume than solid
• What happens during the liquid-gas transition?

  Molecules gain more kinetic energy
• What is the greatest volume occupied by a substance?

  Gases
• What happens when a substance is cooled?

  Heat energy is removed
• What occurs when enough energy is removed from a liquid?

  Bonds may begin to form
• What is Charles' Law about?

  Temperature and volume of gas at constant pressure
• What happens to volume when the temperature of a gas increases?

  Volume increases
• What is the formula for Charles' Law?

  $\frac{V_1}{T_1} =$$\frac{V_2}{T_2}$
• What does Boyle's Law relate?

  Volume and pressure of gas at constant temperature
• What happens to pressure when volume increases?

  Pressure decreases
• What is the formula for Boyle's Law?

  <latex{p_1}{V_1} = {p_2}{V_2}</latex>
• What happens to pressure when temperature of a gas is changed at fixed volume?

  Pressure changes
• What occurs when gas temperature increases?

  Particles gain kinetic energy and move faster
• What happens to particle collisions when gas temperature decreases?

  Less frequent collisions occur
• What is the relationship between pressure and temperature in gases?

  Pressure increases with temperature
• What is the formula that combines pressure, volume, and temperature?

  <latex{pV} = kT</latex>
• What does the law tell us about gas temperature changes?

  Pressure and volume must adjust accordingly
• What is the most commonly used temperature scale?

  Celsius (ºC)
• What is the freezing point of pure water in Celsius?

  0ºC
• What is the boiling point of pure water in Celsius?

  100ºC
• What is absolute zero in Celsius?

  -273ºC
• Why is the Kelvin scale commonly used in science?

  It is directly proportional to internal energy
• What is the conversion from Celsius to Kelvin?

  $T_{ºC} =$$T_{K} - 273$
• What is the conversion from Kelvin to Celsius?

  $T_{K} =$$T_{ºC} +$$273$
• How do thermometers measure temperature?

  Liquid expands when heated
• What is the difference between heat and temperature?

  Heat is thermal energy; temperature is hotness
• How is heat measured?

  In Joules (J)
• What does the change in temperature depend on when a substance is heated?

  Mass and energy supplied