methods of control

• What is the purpose of random allocation in independent groups design?

  To randomly assign participants to conditions
• Why is random allocation important in experiments?

  It minimizes individual differences between conditions
• What could happen if individual differences exist between conditions?

  They could act as a confounding variable
• How does random allocation help researchers maintain objectivity?

  It reduces unconscious investigator effects
• Does random allocation guarantee no individual differences between groups?

  No, it does not guarantee that
• What is counterbalancing used for in experiments?

  To balance out order effects in repeated measures
• How are participants organized in counterbalancing?

  Into two groups with different order conditions
• What happens to the results in counterbalancing?

  Results from both orders are combined
• What is a limitation of counterbalancing?

  It requires equal numbers of participants
• What does randomisation mean in the context of experiments?

  Having an equal chance for selection
• How is randomisation used in studies?

  To create materials like word lists randomly
• What should be done to the order of words in a study?

  It should be random
• How can randomisation reduce investigator effects?

  By minimizing unconscious biases in selection
• What does standardisation mean in research?

  Keeping everything the same for all participants
• What should differ between participants in a standardised study?

  Only the independent variable (IV)
• What happens if a procedure is not standardised?

  It introduces a confounding variable