Protein Synthesis

• What should you be able to describe by the end of the video?

  The stages of protein synthesis
• Why is this topic considered tricky for exams?

  It involves a lot of detail
• What is DNA made of?

  Double-stranded polymer of nucleotides
• How many different nucleotides are there?

  Four different nucleotides
• What are the bases of the nucleotides called?

  A, T, G, and C
• How do the two strands of DNA relate to each other?

  They are complementary to each other
• Which bases pair together in DNA?

  A pairs with T, C pairs with G
• What are proteins made of?

  Polymers of amino acids
• How many different amino acids are there in humans?

  Twenty different amino acids
• How does the order of amino acids affect proteins?

  It determines the shape and function
• What type of protein is amylase?

  It is an enzyme molecule
• What type of protein is collagen?

  It is a structural protein
• What is insulin classified as?

  It is a hormone
• What determines the order of amino acids in a protein?

  The sequence of bases in the gene
• What happens when a cell makes a protein?

  It reads the DNA sequence as triplets
• What is the first stage of protein synthesis called?

  Transcription
• Where does transcription take place?

  In the nucleus
• What is the complementary template molecule called?

  Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• What is the structure of mRNA?

  It is a single-stranded molecule
• What is the second stage of protein synthesis called?

  Translation
• Where does translation take place?

  In the cytoplasm
• What attaches to the ribosome during translation?

  The mRNA molecule
• What are the carrier molecules that bring amino acids to the ribosome called?

  Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• What does the ribosome do during translation?

  It reads the triplets of bases on mRNA
• What happens after the protein chain is complete?

  It folds into its unique shape
• Why is the shape of a protein important?

  It enables the protein to do its job
• What are the stages of protein synthesis?

  1. Transcription (in the nucleus)
  2. Translation (in the cytoplasm)
• What are the key components involved in protein synthesis?

  • DNA
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • Ribosomes
  • Amino acids
• How do transcription and translation differ in protein synthesis?

  • Transcription: DNA to mRNA in the nucleus
  • Translation: mRNA to protein in the cytoplasm
• What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

  • Carries the genetic code from DNA
  • Serves as a template for amino acid sequence
• What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

  • Brings amino acids to the ribosome
  • Matches amino acids to the mRNA codons
• What is the significance of the triplet code in protein synthesis?

  • Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid
  • Ensures correct sequence of amino acids in proteins