human anatomy

• What are the main functions of a cell?

  Replication, production, energy, stability, protection
• What does a cell need to sustain itself?

  Nucleus, nucleolus, rough ER, nuclear lamina
• What is the size of the nuclear envelope in micrometers?

  1 µm
• What does the nuclear envelope contain?

  Chromatin and nuclear pores
• What is the role of nucleoli in the nucleus?

  rRNA synthesis and ribosome sub-unit formation
• What type of ribosome is formed in the nucleolus?

  80S ribosome: large 60S and small 40S
• What is the function of ribosomes in cells?

  Protein synthesis by linking amino acids
• Where can ribosomes be found in a cell?

  Free in cytosol or bound to membranes
• What do free ribosomes produce?

  Proteins that function within the cytosol
• What do bound ribosomes produce?

  Proteins for organelles or export
• What gives the rough endoplasmic reticulum its appearance?

  Ribosomes on the outside

  
• What is the primary function of rough ER?

  Synthesis and export of proteins and glycoproteins
• In which cells is rough ER best studied?

  Secretory cells like liver and pancreatic acinar cells
• What is the main function of smooth ER?

  Lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs
• What does the Golgi apparatus do?

  Transporting, modifying, and packaging products from ER

  
• What are the two faces of the Golgi apparatus?

  Cis face (receiving) and trans face (shipping)

  
• What happens to cargo in the Golgi apparatus?

  Transported to plasma membrane or lysosomes

  
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Degradation and recycling of macromolecules
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases)
• When are hydrolases active?

  During the digestion process
• How do lysosomes fuse with vesicles?

  Through endocytosis, phagocytosis, or autophagy

  
• What is the function of peroxisomes?

  Oxidation of organic molecules and lipid biosynthesis
• What by-product is produced by peroxisomes?

  H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
• How do peroxisomes break down H2O2?

  Using the enzyme catalase
• What is unique about mitochondria?

  They have their own small genome
• How do mitochondria divide?

  Independently by simple fission
• What occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria?

  Electron transport and ATP synthesis
• Where does the Krebs cycle occur in mitochondria?

  In the mitochondrial matrix
• What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

  Stability, motility, and organelle positioning

  
• What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

  Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

  
• What initiates the formation of microtubules?

  The centrosome
• What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

  Lipid bilayer with selective transport
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Cell-cell contact, communication, and signal detection
• What are the learning objectives related to eukaryotic cells?

  1. Draw and label a generalized eukaryotic cell
  2. Describe the structure and function of cell organelles
  3. Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  4. Differentiate between plant and animal cells
• What is the study of the human body called?

  Human anatomy and physiology
• What does anatomy study?

  Structures at organism and tissue levels
• What does physiology focus on?

  How systems work and interact
• Why is studying anatomy and physiology important?

  To understand body functions and health
• What are the levels of organization in the human body?

  • Chemical
  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism

  
• What forms molecular structures like DNA and proteins?

  Atoms bind together