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• Which city has the lowest life expectancy in the UK?

  Glasgow
• What is the size of the epithelial surface area in the pulmonary system?

  Size of a tennis court
• How is the tracheobronchial tree divided?

  Into conducting airways and respiratory airways
• What is the function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

  Low resistance pathway for airflow
• Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

  In the respiratory zone with alveoli
• What type of epithelium is found in the upper airways?

  Pseudostratified columnar with cilia
• What is the role of goblet cells in the respiratory system?

  Secrete mucus to trap dust particles
• How do macrophages protect the lungs?

  By engulfing dust, soot, smoke, and bacteria
• Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

  At alveolar walls containing capillaries
• How many alveoli are there approximately in the lungs?

  About 300 million
• What separates blood from alveolar air during gas exchange?

  Four layers including Type I alveolar cells
• How does oxygen enter the blood capillary?

  By simple diffusion
• What controls the pH of the blood?

  CO2 levels
• What happens to airways when pH lowers?

  Contraction of airways occurs
• What is a common consequence of decreased pH in the respiratory system?

  Increased mucus viscosity
• What are some top lung diseases?

  • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • Asthma
  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Lung Cancer
  • Tuberculosis
• What are the two types of respiratory disorders?

  • Obstructive: Airflow is obstructed
  • Restrictive: Lung expansion is restricted
• What are the mechanisms of obstruction in obstructive lung disease?

  Excessive secretions and reduced airway diameter
• What is the principal aetiologic factor for chronic bronchitis?

  Inhalation of irritants like cigarette smoke
• What characterizes chronic bronchitis?

  Presence of productive cough for three months
• What happens to the bronchial mucosa in chronic bronchitis?

  Inflammation and edema occur
• What is the effect of cigarette smoke on chronic bronchitis?

  Acts as an irritant leading to chronic inflammation
• What is the course of illness for chronic bronchitis?

  Unpredictable with poor outlook when severe
• What is the primary cause of emphysema?

  An imbalance between protease and antiprotease activity
• What happens to the capillaries in emphysema?

  Exchange of oxygen and CO2 is decreased
• What are the two types of emphysema?

  Centrilobular and panlobular
• What is the effect of cigarette smoke on the lungs?

  Causes damage to epithelium and inflammation
• What is the role of alpha-1 antitrypsin in the lungs?

  Inactivates proteolytic enzymes like elastase
• What is the consequence of severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

  Aggressive pulmonary emphysema in youth
• What leads to respiratory failure in emphysema patients?

  Lack of functional tissue to sustain life
• What are the therapies for COPD?

  • Oxygen therapy
  • Bronchodilators
  • Corticosteroids
  • Antibiotics
  • Mucolytics
  • Smoking cessation
• What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

  Waft mucus to the mouth and nasal cavities
• How does air pollution impact lung diseases?

  It exacerbates existing respiratory conditions
• What is pulmonary hypertension?

  Increased blood pressure in pulmonary arteries
• What is the relationship between smoking and lung cancer?

  Smoking significantly increases lung cancer risk
• What are the effects of occupational exposure to lung irritants?

  Increases risk of chronic lung diseases
• What is the significance of pulmonary embolism?

  It can lead to sudden death or complications
• What are the symptoms of asthma?

  Wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath
• What are the mechanisms of airway remodeling in asthma?

  Inflammation and structural changes in airways
• What is the role of inflammation in respiratory diseases?

  It contributes to airway obstruction and damage