organic chem

    Cards (111)

    • What does nomenclature mean?
      The system used for naming organic compounds
    • What does the term empirical formula mean?
      Simplest whole number ratio of atoms
    • What does the term molecular formula mean?
      It provides the actual number of atoms
    • What does the term displayed formula mean?
      It shows every atom and every bond
    • What does the term structural formula mean?
      It shows the arrangement of atoms without bonds
    • Define skeletal formula.
      Lines with each vertex as a carbon atom
    • Define homologous series.
      Same functional group, differing by CH2
    • What is a functional group?
      A group of atoms responsible for reactions
    • What are the suffixes for organic compounds?
      • No double bonds: -ane
      • At least one double bond: -ene
      • Alcohol: -ol
      • Aldehyde: -al
      • Ketone: -one
      • Carboxylic acid: -oic acid
    • What are the prefixes for common organic groups?
      • CH3 group: methyl-
      • C2H5 group: ethyl-
      • C3H7 group: propyl-
      • C4H9 group: butyl-
      • Cl group: chloro-
      • Br group: bromo-
      • I group: iodo-
    • What is the general formula of alkanes?
      CnH2n+2C_nH_{2n+2}
    • What is the general formula of alkenes?
      CnH2nC_nH_{2n}
    • What does saturated mean?
      Organic compounds with only single bonds
    • What are unsaturated compounds?
      Compounds with at least one double bond
    • Define structural isomerism.
      Same molecular formula, different structural formula
    • What are the 3 ways structural isomers can be formed?
      1. Alkyl groups in different places
      2. Functional groups bonded to different parts
      3. Different functional groups present
    • What are stereoisomers?
      Same molecular formula, different spatial arrangement
    • What is E-Z isomerism?
      Limited rotation about C=C double bonds
    • How are E and Z isomers differentiated?
      By the position of highest atomic number substituents
    • What is Cis-trans isomerism?
      Special type of E/Z isomerism with same substituents
    • What is homolytic fission?
      Each atom receives one electron from the bond
    • What is heterolytic fission?
      One atom receives both electrons from the bond
    • What are radicals?
      Highly reactive, neutral species
    • How is a covalent bond formed from two radicals?
      Radicals collide and electrons bond
    • What is an alkane?
      Saturated hydrocarbons with C-H bonds
    • What is the general formula of an alkane?
      CnH2n+2C_nH_{2n+2}
    • How are alkane fuels obtained?
      From fractional distillation, cracking, reforming
    • Describe the process of fractional distillation of crude oil.
      1. Oil is pre-heated and passed into a column.
      2. Fractions condense at different heights; temperature decreases upwards.
      3. Separation depends on boiling point and molecule size.
      4. Similar molecules condense together and are collected.
      5. Small molecules condense at the top; larger at the bottom.
    • What is cracking?
      Converting large hydrocarbons to smaller molecules
    • What is the reforming of crude oil?
      Processing straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched ones
    • What is the shape and angle of an alkane?
      Tetrahedral, 109.5°
    • Describe the sigma bond in alkane.
      Direct overlap of electron clouds of bonding atoms
    • How reactive are alkanes?
      Very unreactive
    • What reactions will alkanes undergo?
      Combustion and reaction with halogens
    • What type of reaction is combustion?
      Oxidation reaction
    • What is complete combustion?
      Combustion with plentiful supply of air
    • Write an equation for the complete combustion of octane.
      C8H18(g)+C_8H_{18}(g) +12.5O2(g)8CO2(g)+ 12.5 O_2(g) \rightarrow 8CO_2(g) +9H2O(l) 9H_2O(l)
    • What are the products of complete combustion when alkanes are used?
      Carbon dioxide and water
    • What is the colour of the bunsen burner flame during complete combustion?
      Blue flame
    • What is incomplete combustion?
      Combustion in a limited supply of oxygen
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