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Chem
Chem T6
organic chem
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Cards (111)
What does nomenclature mean?
The system used for naming
organic compounds
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What does the term empirical formula mean?
Simplest
whole number ratio
of atoms
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What does the term molecular formula mean?
It provides the actual number of
atoms
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What does the term displayed formula mean?
It shows
every atom
and
every bond
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What does the term structural formula mean?
It shows the arrangement of
atoms
without
bonds
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Define skeletal formula.
Lines with each vertex as a
carbon
atom
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Define homologous series.
Same
functional group
, differing by
CH2
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What is a functional group?
A group of
atoms
responsible for
reactions
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What are the suffixes for organic compounds?
No
double bonds
: -ane
At least one double bond: -ene
Alcohol
: -ol
Aldehyde
: -al
Ketone
: -one
Carboxylic acid
: -oic acid
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What are the prefixes for common organic groups?
CH3 group: methyl-
C2H5 group: ethyl-
C3H7 group: propyl-
C4H9 group: butyl-
Cl group: chloro-
Br group: bromo-
I group: iodo-
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What is the general formula of alkanes?
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
C_nH_{2n+2}
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
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What is the general formula of alkenes?
C
n
H
2
n
C_nH_{2n}
C
n
H
2
n
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What does saturated mean?
Organic compounds with only
single bonds
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What are unsaturated compounds?
Compounds with at least one
double bond
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Define structural isomerism.
Same
molecular formula
, different structural formula
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What are the 3 ways structural isomers can be formed?
Alkyl groups
in different places
Functional groups
bonded to different parts
Different functional groups present
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What are stereoisomers?
Same
molecular
formula, different
spatial
arrangement
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What is E-Z isomerism?
Limited rotation about
C=C
double bonds
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How are E and Z isomers differentiated?
By the position of highest
atomic number
substituents
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What is Cis-trans isomerism?
Special type of
E/Z isomerism
with same substituents
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What is homolytic fission?
Each atom receives one
electron
from the bond
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What is heterolytic fission?
One atom receives
both
electrons from the bond
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What are radicals?
Highly
reactive
,
neutral
species
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How is a covalent bond formed from two radicals?
Radicals collide and
electrons
bond
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What is an alkane?
Saturated
hydrocarbons
with
C-H
bonds
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What is the general formula of an alkane?
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
C_nH_{2n+2}
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
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How are alkane fuels obtained?
From
fractional distillation
,
cracking
, reforming
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Describe the process of fractional distillation of crude oil.
Oil is pre-heated and passed into a column.
Fractions condense at different heights; temperature decreases upwards.
Separation depends on
boiling point
and
molecule size
.
Similar molecules condense together and are collected.
Small molecules condense at the top; larger at the bottom.
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What is cracking?
Converting large
hydrocarbons
to smaller molecules
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What is the reforming of crude oil?
Processing
straight-chain
hydrocarbons into
branched
ones
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What is the shape and angle of an alkane?
Tetrahedral
,
109.5°
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Describe the sigma bond in alkane.
Direct overlap of
electron clouds
of
bonding atoms
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How reactive are alkanes?
Very
unreactive
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What reactions will alkanes undergo?
Combustion
and reaction with
halogens
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What type of reaction is combustion?
Oxidation
reaction
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What is complete combustion?
Combustion with
plentiful supply
of air
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Write an equation for the complete combustion of octane.
C
8
H
18
(
g
)
+
C_8H_{18}(g) +
C
8
H
18
(
g
)
+
12.5
O
2
(
g
)
→
8
C
O
2
(
g
)
+
12.5 O_2(g) \rightarrow 8CO_2(g) +
12.5
O
2
(
g
)
→
8
C
O
2
(
g
)
+
9
H
2
O
(
l
)
9H_2O(l)
9
H
2
O
(
l
)
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What are the products of complete combustion when alkanes are used?
Carbon dioxide
and
water
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What is the colour of the bunsen burner flame during complete combustion?
Blue flame
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What is incomplete combustion?
Combustion in a limited supply of
oxygen
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