Microbiology

    Cards (55)

    • What are microbes?
      Very small living organisms
    • Where are microbes found?
      Everywhere in bacteria
    • How many microbes cause disease?
      Very few
    • What types of organisms are classified as microbes?
      Bacteria, fungi, archaea, algae, protozoa, viruses
    • What is microbiology?
      Study of microorganisms
    • What do hospitals have for testing samples?
      Microbiology departments
    • What are the three domains of microorganisms?
      Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
    • What characterizes bacteria?
      Microscopic prokaryotic cells without a nucleus
    • Where do most Archaea live?
      Extreme environments as extremophiles
    • What defines the Eukarya domain?
      Cells contain a nucleus
    • What are the four kingdoms in Eukarya?
      Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
    • What is the difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria?
      Gram-negative are pink/red; Gram-positive are purple/blue
    • What do antigens do?
      Generate an immune response
    • Where are antigens usually found?
      On the surface of cells
    • What are foreign antigens?
      Antigens not in the body
    • What are pathogens?
      Microorganisms that cause disease
    • What types of microorganisms can be pathogens?
      Bacteria, fungi, and viruses
    • What happens when cells are received from another individual?
      Different antigens trigger an immune response
    • What are the most important antigens in blood transfusions?
      ABO blood group antigens
    • What happens if donated blood has unrecognized antigens?
      It generates an immune response
    • What factors affect bacteria in different environments?
      Physical conditions and nutritional requirements
    • What do bacteria produce that leads to infection symptoms?
      Toxins
    • What is the process of cultivating microorganisms?
      Separating single species from a mixed environment
    • What is a pure culture?
      Isolated microorganism grown alone
    • What provides an environment for microorganism growth?
      A culture medium
    • How can bacteria be classified based on their relationship with humans?
      By their effects on the host
    • What is microbiota?
      Gut bacteria coexisting with the host
    • What are accidental pathogens?
      Staphylococcus epidermis, A&B E. Coli, tuberculosis
    • What is sterilization?
      Process of removing all living organisms
    • What are chemical methods of control for bacteria?
      Natural/synthetic antimicrobial agents
    • What are chemotherapeutic agents?
      Antibiotics
    • Who coined the term 'antibiotic'?
      Selman Waksman in 1953
    • What was the first successful antibiotic?
      Penicillin produced by fungus
    • How do antibiotics kill bacteria?
      By interfering with metabolic reactions
    • What do antibiotics target to avoid damaging human cells?
      Bacterial enzymes and ribosomes
    • What are narrow-spectrum antibiotics?
      Selective against a narrow range of bacteria
    • What are broad-spectrum antibiotics?
      Act against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
    • What are probiotics?
      Natural flora for humans
    • What role do probiotics play in the human body?
      Prevent colonization of pathogenic bacteria
    • What is the structure of viruses?
      Nucleic acid RNA or DNA surrounded by a coat
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