Role of father

• What is the primary relationship emphasized in attachment research?

  The relationship between baby and caregiver
• Who is often the primary caregiver in attachment research?

  The mother
• What question does the emphasis on mothers in attachment research raise?

  What is the role of fathers?
• At what age do infants typically form attachments?

  Around 10 months
• What percentage of infants have formed an attachment with their father by 18 months?

  75%
• What do some researchers argue about fathers and attachment?

  Fathers are not equipped like mothers
• How do societal norms affect fathers' roles in attachment?

  They portray caregiving as feminine
• What has historically limited fathers' caregiving roles?

  Lack of paternity leave
• What biological factor is suggested to affect fathers' caregiving abilities?

  Lower levels of estrogen
• What role is suggested for fathers in attachment?

  As a playmate
• How did Geiger's 1996 research differentiate father and mother interactions?

  Fathers were more exciting and fun
• What did Tiffany Field's 1978 research find about primary caregiver interactions?

  Quality of relationship matters, not gender
• What did Goddard's 2010 research reveal about fathers' oxytocin levels?

  Fathers' levels matched mothers' levels
• What is a significant factor influencing the role of fathers in attachment?

  The culture of parenting
• What does the term "WEIRD" cultures refer to in attachment research?

  Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic
• How do different cultures affect parenting responsibilities?

  They share responsibilities differently
• What does the research suggest about multiple attachments in different cultures?

  They may occur from the beginning
• What controversial method do psychologists use to study attachment?

  Studying animals
• What are the key findings regarding the role of fathers in attachment?

  • Fathers often play a more playful role.
  • Primary caregiver role depends on relationship quality.
  • Fathers can have similar oxytocin levels as mothers.
  • Cultural factors influence fathers' caregiving roles.
• What are the differences in interactions between fathers and mothers with infants?

  • Fathers engage in more game playing.
  • Mothers provide more affectionate and nurturing interactions.
  • Primary caregiver fathers show more imitative behaviors than secondary caregiver fathers.
• What research supports the stages of attachment?

  Schaffer and Emerson's (1964) research
• What did Schaffer and Emerson find about multiple attachments?

  20% of infants formed multiple attachments within a month
• How many infants had formed five or more secondary attachments by one year old?

  One third of infants
• What is a problem with Schaffer’s stages of attachment?

  It is based on biased mother reports
• Why is social desirability bias a problem in Schaffer’s research?

  Mothers may exaggerate their relationships
• What does temporal validity refer to in Schaffer’s research?

  Findings may not apply to modern society
• How has parental care changed since the 1960s?

  More mothers work and fathers stay home
• What did MacCallum and Golombrook (2004) find about single-parent families?

  They develop similarly to two-parent families
• What does ethnocentric mean in the context of attachment theory?

  It assumes one culture's development applies to all
• How do different cultures affect attachment development?

  They influence the roles of parents and family
• What is a problem with assessing multiple attachments?

  Distress does not confirm true attachment
• What did Bowlby (1969) suggest about children's relationships?

  Children have playmates and attachment figures
• Why is it problematic to confuse playmates with attachment figures?

  It misinterprets the nature of attachment