Ontological

• What is the summary of the ontological argument?

  • God exists by definition
  • God is a being greater than which cannot be conceived
  • It is greater to exist in reality than in the mind
  • Therefore, God must exist
• Who was the first to propose an ontological argument?

  Anselm of Canterbury
• What does Anselm's ontological argument claim?

  God must exist because of his definition
• How does Descartes' ontological argument differ from Anselm's?

  It uses the concept of a perfect being
• What does Hume argue about the statement 'God does not exist'?

  It can be coherently conceived
• What is Kant's argument regarding existence as a predicate?

  Existence does not add to a concept
• What is Gaunilo's objection to Anselm's argument?

  Anything can be defined into existence
• What is Malcolm's version of the ontological argument focused on?

  Necessary existence rather than existence
• What are the key points of teleological arguments?

  • Arguments from design
  • Nature's features imply a designer
  • Similar effects have similar causes
  • The designer is God
• Who is associated with the teleological argument in "Natural Theology"?

  William Paley
• What analogy does Paley use to explain design in nature?

  Comparison of a watch and a stone
• What is Hume's critique of the analogy between human-made objects and nature?

  Nature could result from natural processes
• What does Hume argue about the causes of human designs?

  They are minds, unlike nature's designs
• What are the problems with teleological arguments according to Hume?

  • No experience of nature's design
  • Generalizes specific designed aspects
  • Biological things lack obvious purpose
• What is the main conclusion of Malcolm's ontological argument?

  God's existence is necessary
• What does Malcolm argue about God's existence in relation to self-contradiction?

  The concept of God is not self-contradictory
• How does Malcolm's argument address Kant's objection?

  It avoids the issue of existence as a predicate
• What does Philo suggest about designs in nature?

  They could result from natural processes.
• What analogy does Philo use regarding nature and human designs?

  Nature appears designed like human machines.
• How does Philo differentiate between biological things and human machines?

  Biological things lack obvious purpose or designer.
• What does Philo argue about the universe's design?

  The universe is better explained by unconscious processes.
• What does Hume argue about order and disorder in nature?

  There is both order and disorder in nature.
• What does Hume suggest about the existence of God based on disorder?

  God wouldn't allow such disorder if He existed.
• What example does Hume use to illustrate spatial disorder?

  Empty areas of the universe and random rocks.
• How does Hume relate animal suffering to the idea of a designer?

  Animals could be designed for happier lives.
• What does Hume argue about causation?

  We only experience constant conjunction of events.
• How does Hume illustrate the problem of inferring causation?

  Drinking tea does not cause a friend to cough.
• What is Hume's view on the uniqueness of the universe's creation?

  We cannot infer causation from a single instance.
• What does Hume propose about matter and time?

  Time is infinite, and matter is finite.
• How does Hume relate finite matter and infinite time to design?

  Finite matter can appear designed over infinite time.
• What thought experiment does Hume use to explain his point about design?

  The monkeys and typewriters analogy.
• What does Darwin's theory explain about complex organisms?

  They can emerge without a designer through evolution.
• How does Darwin explain the long necks of giraffes?

  Through competition for food and natural selection.
• What is the key idea of Darwin's theory regarding adaptation?

  Adaptation creates the appearance of design over time.
• What does Swinburne distinguish between in his argument from design?

  Spatial order and temporal order in nature.
• How does Swinburne view the laws of nature?

  They cannot be explained scientifically like spatial order.
• What personal explanation does Swinburne propose for the laws of nature?

  They were designed by a personal being, God.
• What is the problem of multiple universes in relation to Swinburne's argument?

  Infinite universes could randomly support life.
• What do Hume and Kant argue about the designer in the teleological argument?

  The designer may not necessarily be God.
• What does the Kalam argument state about existence?

  Whatever begins to exist has a cause.