Anxiety

    Cards (43)

    • What are the anxiety disorders mentioned in the learning outcomes?
      Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
    • How can anxiety be objectively assessed?
      With the use of clinician applied and patient rated anxiety scales
    • What types of management are appropriate for anxiety disorders?
      Both drug and non-drug management
    • What framework should one be familiar with regarding anxiety disorders?
      The NICE stepped care framework
    • What should one recognize regarding therapy choices for anxiety disorders?
      Non-drug and drug therapy choices
    • What aspects of benzodiazepines should be described in detail?
      Mechanisms of action, side effects, drug interactions, cautions, and contraindications
    • What is required to differentiate specific anxiety disorder subcategories?
      Knowledge of anxiolytic agents from GAD
    • What characterizes each individual specific anxiety disorder?
      Each disorder has unique symptoms and features
    • What is stress defined as?
      Experiencing events that are perceived as endangering one’s physical or psychological well-being
    • What are some causes of anxiety?
      Genetics, co-morbidity, social factors, personality factors, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and HPA axis dysregulation
    • What diagnostic tools can be used to diagnose stress?
      Zung self-rating scale and ICD-10 for GAD
    • What are the criteria for diagnosing GAD according to ICD-10?
      Prominent tension, worry, and apprehension for at least 6 months with at least 4 autonomic arousal symptoms
    • What are some autonomic arousal symptoms?
      Palpitations, sweating, trembling/shaking, and dry mouth
    • What are some chest symptoms associated with anxiety?
      Difficulty breathing, chest pain, nausea, and feeling of choking
    • What are some other symptoms of anxiety?
      Feeling dizzy, difficulty swallowing, fear of dying, and difficulty falling asleep
    • What is the treatment for panic disorder?
      Citalopram
    • What is the treatment for phobic states and OCD?
      Clomipramine (TCA)
    • What is the treatment for OCD?
      Fluoxetine
    • What is the mechanism of action for benzodiazepines?
      They bind to GABA-A receptors and change their shape, allowing GABA to bind
    • What are some side effects of benzodiazepines?
      Psychomotor retardation, memory impairment, depression, and emotional blunting
    • What are the risks of benzodiazepines in pregnancy?
      They are teratogens and can affect neonatal health
    • For what duration are benzodiazepines recommended for use?
      Short-term use during crisis
    • What is the effect of low potency benzodiazepines on neuronal transmission?
      They reduce neuronal transmission and produce calming effects
    • What are the risks associated with benzodiazepines?
      Tolerance and dependence
    • What is the risk associated with alprazolam?
      It is good for short-term relief but has a high risk of dependency
    • What substances can benzodiazepines interact with?
      Hypnotics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, sedating antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and alcohol
    • How do SSRIs affect diazepam levels in the blood?
      SSRIs can increase diazepam blood levels
    • How does tolerance develop with anxiolytic drugs compared to benzodiazepines?
      Tolerance develops more rapidly with benzodiazepines compared to anxiolytic drugs
    • What are SSRIs?
      Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
    • Name some SSRIs.
      Sertraline, paroxetine, and escitalopram
    • What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs?
      They inhibit serotonin transporters
    • What are some side effects of SSRIs?
      Agitation, sexual dysfunction, headaches, nausea, insomnia, nervousness, GI bleeding, and weight gain
    • What is the first-line treatment for anxiety?
      SSRIs
    • What SSRIs are used for panic disorder?
      Citalopram and paroxetine
    • What SSRIs are used for OCD?
      Fluoxetine and sertraline
    • What SSRIs are used for generalized anxiety?
      Sertraline, citalopram, and paroxetine
    • What does SNRI stand for?
      Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
    • Name some SNRIs.
      Venlafaxine and duloxetine
    • What is the mechanism of action of SNRIs?
      They inhibit serotonin transporters
    • When are SNRIs used?
      As a second-line treatment if 2 SSRIs have been tried and ineffective
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