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Chizaram Ononaji
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Cards (43)
What are the anxiety disorders mentioned in the learning outcomes?
Generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD),
panic disorder
,
obsessive-compulsive disorder
,
agoraphobia
, and
post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)
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How can anxiety be objectively assessed?
With the use of
clinician
applied and
patient rated
anxiety scales
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What types of management are appropriate for anxiety disorders?
Both
drug
and
non-drug
management
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What framework should one be familiar with regarding anxiety disorders?
The
NICE
stepped care framework
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What should one recognize regarding therapy choices for anxiety disorders?
Non-drug
and
drug
therapy choices
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What aspects of benzodiazepines should be described in detail?
Mechanisms
of action, side effects, drug
interactions
, cautions, and contraindications
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What is required to differentiate specific anxiety disorder subcategories?
Knowledge of
anxiolytic agents
from
GAD
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What characterizes each individual specific anxiety disorder?
Each disorder has
unique
symptoms and features
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What is stress defined as?
Experiencing events that are perceived as
endangering
one’s physical or psychological well-being
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What are some causes of anxiety?
Genetics
,
co-morbidity
, social factors, personality factors,
neurotransmitter
abnormalities, and
HPA axis
dysregulation
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What diagnostic tools can be used to diagnose stress?
Zung
self-rating scale and
ICD-10
for
GAD
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What are the criteria for diagnosing GAD according to ICD-10?
Prominent tension, worry, and apprehension for at least
6 months
with at least 4
autonomic
arousal symptoms
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What are some autonomic arousal symptoms?
Palpitations
,
sweating
,
trembling/shaking
, and
dry mouth
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What are some chest symptoms associated with anxiety?
Difficulty breathing
,
chest pain
,
nausea
, and feeling of
choking
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What are some other symptoms of anxiety?
Feeling dizzy,
difficulty swallowing
,
fear of dying
, and
difficulty falling asleep
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What is the treatment for panic disorder?
Citalopram
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What is the treatment for phobic states and OCD?
Clomipramine
(
TCA
)
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What is the treatment for OCD?
Fluoxetine
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What is the mechanism of action for benzodiazepines?
They
bind
to
GABA-A receptors
and change their shape, allowing GABA to bind
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What are some side effects of benzodiazepines?
Psychomotor retardation
,
memory impairment
, depression, and emotional blunting
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What are the risks of benzodiazepines in pregnancy?
They are
teratogens
and can affect
neonatal
health
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For what duration are benzodiazepines recommended for use?
Short-term use during
crisis
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What is the effect of low potency benzodiazepines on neuronal transmission?
They reduce neuronal transmission and produce
calming effects
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What are the risks associated with benzodiazepines?
Tolerance
and
dependence
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What is the risk associated with alprazolam?
It is good for short-term relief but has a high risk of
dependency
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What substances can benzodiazepines interact with?
Hypnotics
,
antihistamines
,
neuroleptics
, sedating antidepressants,
anticonvulsants
, and
alcohol
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How do SSRIs affect diazepam levels in the blood?
SSRIs can
increase
diazepam blood levels
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How does tolerance develop with anxiolytic drugs compared to benzodiazepines?
Tolerance develops more rapidly with
benzodiazepines
compared to
anxiolytic
drugs
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What are SSRIs?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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Name some SSRIs.
Sertraline
,
paroxetine
, and
escitalopram
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What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs?
They inhibit
serotonin transporters
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What are some side effects of SSRIs?
Agitation
, sexual dysfunction, headaches, nausea, insomnia, nervousness,
GI bleeding
, and weight gain
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What is the first-line treatment for anxiety?
SSRIs
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What SSRIs are used for panic disorder?
Citalopram
and
paroxetine
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What SSRIs are used for OCD?
Fluoxetine
and
sertraline
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What SSRIs are used for generalized anxiety?
Sertraline
,
citalopram
, and
paroxetine
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What does SNRI stand for?
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
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Name some SNRIs.
Venlafaxine
and
duloxetine
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What is the mechanism of action of SNRIs?
They inhibit
serotonin transporters
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When are SNRIs used?
As a second-line treatment if 2
SSRIs
have been tried and ineffective
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See all 43 cards
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