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Meiosis/Mitosis
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Lily Gillespie
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Cards (94)
What is the process called that involves the formation of new cells?
The
cell cycle
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What do actively dividing eukaryotic cells pass through?
A series of stages known as the
cell cycle
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What are the main stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase
(
G<sub>1</sub>
,
S
,
G<sub>2</sub>
)
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
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What occurs during the G<sub>1</sub> phase of the cell cycle?
Spindle proteins
are synthesized
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What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA is
replicated
and
enzymes
double
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What is synthesized during the G<sub>2</sub> phase?
New
proteins
and
organelles
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What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
Mitosis
is
nuclear division
; cytokinesis divides the cell
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What is the main function of interphase?
Intense
metabolic
activity and synthesis of components
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What occurs during prophase of mitosis?
Chromatin
condenses to form chromosomes
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What happens during metaphase of mitosis?
Chromosomes align at the
spindle equator
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What is the role of spindle fibers during anaphase?
They pull
sister chromatids
apart
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What occurs during telophase of mitosis?
A new
nuclear envelope
forms around chromosomes
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What is the difference in cytokinesis between animal and plant cells?
Animal cells form a
cleavage furrow
; plant cells form a
cell plate
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What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?
G<sub>1</sub>
,
G<sub>2</sub>
, and
metaphase
checkpoints
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What is assessed at the G<sub>1</sub> checkpoint?
Nutrients, growth factors, and
DNA damage
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What is checked at the G<sub>2</sub> checkpoint?
DNA
replication
and
DNA damage
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What is verified during the metaphase checkpoint?
Chromosome
attachment to
spindle fibers
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What happens if a mutation occurs in checkpoint proteins?
Control mechanisms break down, leading to uncontrolled
division
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What is a malignant tumor?
A tumor that grows
unchecked
and
uncontrolled
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What is the role of anti-cancer drugs like etoposide?
They inhibit
DNA replication
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What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
Diploid cells have two sets of
chromosomes
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What is a karyotype?
A
photomicrograph
of
chromosomes
during division
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What occurs during prophase I of meiosis?
Chromosomes
condense and pair at
chiasmata
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What happens during metaphase I of meiosis?
Bivalents
move to the equator of the cell
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What is the outcome of anaphase I in meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes
move apart to
opposite poles
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What occurs during telophase I of meiosis?
A
nuclear membrane
forms around each set of chromosomes
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What are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: one
division
, produces two
diploid
cells
Meiosis: two divisions, produces four
haploid
cells
Mitosis: no crossing over
Meiosis: crossing over occurs
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What happens during the second meiotic division?
Separation of
chromatids
occurs.
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What is emphasized in Figure 53 regarding meiosis?
Points specific to
meiosis
are
emphasized.
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What occurs during prophase I of meiosis?
Chromosomes
condense into structures.
Homologous chromosomes
pair at
chiasmata
.
Bivalents
form, appearing as single thick chromosomes.
Crossing over
may occur at chiasmata.
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What are bivalents in meiosis?
Paired
homologous chromosomes
.
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What happens to chromatids at chiasmata during prophase I?
They may break and
rejoin
with different
chromatids.
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What occurs during metaphase I of meiosis?
Bivalents
move to the
cell equator
.
Each chromosome attaches to a spindle fibre by its
centromere
.
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What is the result of anaphase I in meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes
move apart to opposite poles.
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What happens during telophase I of meiosis?
Chromosomes
reach opposite poles.
Nuclear membranes form around each set.
Each nucleus contains
haploid
chromosomes.
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What is produced after cytokinesis following meiosis I?
Two
daughter cells
are formed.
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What occurs during prophase II of meiosis?
New
spindles
form at right angles to old spindles.
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What happens during metaphase II of meiosis?
Chromosomes
with pairs of
chromatids
align along the equator.
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What occurs during anaphase II of meiosis?
Sister chromatids
are split at the
centromere
.
Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.
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What happens during telophase II of meiosis?
Separated
chromosomes
are enclosed within a
nuclear envelope
.
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See all 94 cards
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