Meiosis/Mitosis

    Cards (94)

    • What is the process called that involves the formation of new cells?
      The cell cycle
    • What do actively dividing eukaryotic cells pass through?
      A series of stages known as the cell cycle
    • What are the main stages of the cell cycle?
      • Interphase (G<sub>1</sub>, S, G<sub>2</sub>)
      • Mitosis
      • Cytokinesis
    • What occurs during the G<sub>1</sub> phase of the cell cycle?
      Spindle proteins are synthesized
    • What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?
      DNA is replicated and enzymes double
    • What is synthesized during the G<sub>2</sub> phase?
      New proteins and organelles
    • What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
      Mitosis is nuclear division; cytokinesis divides the cell
    • What is the main function of interphase?
      Intense metabolic activity and synthesis of components
    • What occurs during prophase of mitosis?
      Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
    • What happens during metaphase of mitosis?
      Chromosomes align at the spindle equator
    • What is the role of spindle fibers during anaphase?
      They pull sister chromatids apart
    • What occurs during telophase of mitosis?
      A new nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes
    • What is the difference in cytokinesis between animal and plant cells?
      Animal cells form a cleavage furrow; plant cells form a cell plate
    • What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?
      G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub>, and metaphase checkpoints
    • What is assessed at the G<sub>1</sub> checkpoint?
      Nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage
    • What is checked at the G<sub>2</sub> checkpoint?
      DNA replication and DNA damage
    • What is verified during the metaphase checkpoint?
      Chromosome attachment to spindle fibers
    • What happens if a mutation occurs in checkpoint proteins?
      Control mechanisms break down, leading to uncontrolled division
    • What is a malignant tumor?
      A tumor that grows unchecked and uncontrolled
    • What is the role of anti-cancer drugs like etoposide?
      They inhibit DNA replication
    • What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
      Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes
    • What is a karyotype?
      A photomicrograph of chromosomes during division
    • What occurs during prophase I of meiosis?
      Chromosomes condense and pair at chiasmata
    • What happens during metaphase I of meiosis?
      Bivalents move to the equator of the cell
    • What is the outcome of anaphase I in meiosis?
      Homologous chromosomes move apart to opposite poles
    • What occurs during telophase I of meiosis?
      A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
    • What are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis?
      • Mitosis: one division, produces two diploid cells
      • Meiosis: two divisions, produces four haploid cells
      • Mitosis: no crossing over
      • Meiosis: crossing over occurs
    • What happens during the second meiotic division?
      Separation of chromatids occurs.
    • What is emphasized in Figure 53 regarding meiosis?
      Points specific to meiosis are emphasized.
    • What occurs during prophase I of meiosis?
      • Chromosomes condense into structures.
      • Homologous chromosomes pair at chiasmata.
      • Bivalents form, appearing as single thick chromosomes.
      • Crossing over may occur at chiasmata.
    • What are bivalents in meiosis?
      Paired homologous chromosomes.
    • What happens to chromatids at chiasmata during prophase I?
      They may break and rejoin with different chromatids.
    • What occurs during metaphase I of meiosis?
      • Bivalents move to the cell equator.
      • Each chromosome attaches to a spindle fibre by its centromere.
    • What is the result of anaphase I in meiosis?
      Homologous chromosomes move apart to opposite poles.
    • What happens during telophase I of meiosis?
      • Chromosomes reach opposite poles.
      • Nuclear membranes form around each set.
      • Each nucleus contains haploid chromosomes.
    • What is produced after cytokinesis following meiosis I?
      Two daughter cells are formed.
    • What occurs during prophase II of meiosis?
      • New spindles form at right angles to old spindles.
    • What happens during metaphase II of meiosis?
      • Chromosomes with pairs of chromatids align along the equator.
    • What occurs during anaphase II of meiosis?
      • Sister chromatids are split at the centromere.
      • Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.
    • What happens during telophase II of meiosis?
      • Separated chromosomes are enclosed within a nuclear envelope.
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