Cultural variations in attachment

• Ijzendborn and Krooenberg (1988)
• uses strange situation across cultures
• individualistic 


  higher in insecure avoidant

  lower in insecure resistant
• collectivist countries


  lower in insecure avoidant

  higher in insecure resistant
• simonella et al (2014)

  less secure attachment with working mothers
• Jin et al (2019)

  attachment is due to child rearing/ parenting style
• strenghts

  • conducted by indigenous psychologists = validity
• weaknesses

  • imposed etic
  • cultural bias
  • confounding variables