Memory 2

• What is the Short Term Store (STS) in memory?

  The Short Term Store (STS) is a component of memory that temporarily holds information.
• What does the serial position curve illustrate in memory studies?

  The serial position curve illustrates how the position of an item in a list affects recall, showing primacy and recency effects.
• What is the primacy effect in memory?

  The primacy effect refers to better recall of items presented at the beginning of a list.
• How is the flat-mid part of the serial position curve interpreted?

  The flat-mid part of the curve is interpreted as the transfer of information to Long Term Store (LTS).
• What does the recency effect in memory refer to?

  The recency effect refers to better recall of items presented at the end of a list.
• What is the traditional view of Short Term Store (STS) versus Long Term Store (LTS)?

  The traditional view posits that STS temporarily holds information while LTS is for permanent storage.
• Who proposed the modal model of memory?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the modal model of memory in 1968.
• How does rehearsal affect memory according to the modal model?

  Rehearsal can improve memory by facilitating the transfer of information into Long Term Store (LTS).
• Why is rehearsal considered neither necessary nor sufficient for memory retention?

  Rehearsal is not necessary because unrehearsed items can still be recalled, and not sufficient because it does not always lead to successful recall.
• What does clinical evidence suggest about Short Term Store (STS) and Long Term Memory (LTM)?

  Clinical evidence shows that patients can have STM deficits without severely impacting LTM.
• What did Baddeley and Hitch (1974) aim to simulate in their research on STS?

  They aimed to simulate STM deficits using tasks that fill up the STS, such as remembering a string of digits.
• What are the three components of the Short Term Store (STS) proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974)?

  • Central executive: governs the flow of information
  • Visuo-spatial sketchpad: processes visual and spatial information
  • Articulatory loop: processes verbal information
• How does STM performance differ for visuo-spatial materials compared to verbal materials?


  STM performance is often better for visuo-spatial materials than for verbal materials.
• What did Brooks (1967) find regarding spatial span versus verbal span in STM?

  Brooks found that the spatial span was 8 items while the verbal span was 6 items.
• What happens when two tasks requiring visuo-spatial resources are performed simultaneously?

  Two tasks requiring visuo-spatial resources interfere with each other more than if one task is verbal.
• What was the spatial task used in Brooks' (1968) dual task interference study?

  The spatial task was determining if a point was an "Outside" point.
• What was the verbal task used in Brooks' (1968) dual task interference study?

  The verbal task involved determining if each word was a concrete noun.
• What is the phonological similarity effect?

  The phonological similarity effect is the poor recall of word lists where items sound similar, even when presented visually.
• What does the irrelevant speech effect demonstrate?

  The irrelevant speech effect demonstrates that recall is impaired by simultaneous speech, suggesting involuntary phonological encoding.
• What is the word length effect in memory recall?

  The word length effect indicates that serial recall is approximately as many words as can be read aloud in 2 seconds.
• What is the role of the central executive in Baddeley's model of working memory?

  The central executive acts as a general-purpose attentional mechanism with flexible resources and limited capacity.

  
• How does the central executive control behavior according to Baddeley's model?

  The central executive controls behavior based on action schemas and chooses the next schema through contention scheduling.
• What is an example of a failure of the Supervisory Attention System (SAS)?


  An example is driving to a normal destination by mistake, which illustrates a failure of the SAS.
• What experimental task is thought to load the central executive?

  Random number generation is thought to load the central executive.
• What are the additions to Baddeley's Working Memory Model proposed in 2000?

  • Interaction with Long Term Memory (LTM) via the episodic buffer
  • Addressing semantic factors in memory
  • Inclusion of a hedonic detector for emotional information

  
• What is the embedded processes model in relation to working memory?

  The embedded processes model suggests that STS is just the currently activated component of LTS, eliminating the need to distinguish between them.
• What does the SIMPLE model propose regarding memory?

  The SIMPLE model proposes mathematical models based on temporal discriminability that apply to both STS and LTS.
• What does the individual differences approach focus on in working memory research?

  The individual differences approach focuses on variations in working memory capacity and its influences on primary and secondary memory.