AD 2

• Who proposed the concept of adolescent egocentrism?

  Elkind
• What does adolescent egocentrism focus on?

  Excessive focus on mental life
• What is the "illusion of fable" in adolescent egocentrism?

  A belief that one's experiences are unique and not understood by others
• What does the term "personal fable" refer to?

  The belief that one's feelings and experiences are special and unique
• What does "private g-d" refer to in adolescent egocentrism?

  The belief that one has a special connection with a higher power
• What behavior is often associated with adolescent egocentrism?

  Risk-taking
• What does the "imaginary audience" concept refer to?

  The belief that others are constantly observing and judging them
• What study focused on self-consciousness in adolescents?

  Somerville et al (2013)
• How many participants were involved in Somerville et al's study?

  69 participants
• What task did participants complete during the fMRI scanning in Somerville et al's study?

  They were told a camera was embedded in the scanner
• What were the three settings of the camera in Somerville et al's study?

  Off, warming up, and on
• What condition was created when the camera was "on" in Somerville et al's study?

  Participants were told a peer was monitoring the camera feed
• What was one finding regarding adolescents when they thought they were being observed?

  They reported greater feelings of embarrassment compared to children and adults
• What physiological response was heightened in adolescents during the observation condition?

  Skin conductance
• Which brain area showed greater activation related to social cognition in adolescents?

  Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)
• How does self-consciousness in adolescents compare to other age groups?

  Adolescents are more self-conscious compared to other age groups
• What is self-consciousness related to in adolescents?

  Age-dependent sensitivity of brain systems
• What did Weil et al (2013) investigate regarding metacognitive abilities?

  How metacognitive ability develops in adolescence
• What task did participants perform in Weil et al's study?

  A perceptual task using Gabor patches
• How does metacognitive ability change with age according to Weil et al's findings?

  It increases with age
• What could metacognitive ability relate to in adolescents?

  Increased egocentricity, sense of self, and developing self-awareness
• What study focused on the personal fable concept?

  Alberts et al (2007)
• How many students participated in Alberts et al's study on personal fable?

  119 students
• What are the two dimensions of personal fable identified in Alberts et al's study?

  Invulnerability and speciality
• What is an example question related to the invulnerability dimension of personal fable?

  "I know I get away with a lot of stuff other kids get in trouble for"
• What is an example question related to the speciality dimension of personal fable?

  "When my parents or friends tell me that they know how I feel, I don’t believe that they really do"
• How do personal fable scores change with age according to Alberts et al's findings?

  Personal fable scores increase with age
• Which gender scored higher in the invulnerability dimension of personal fable?

  Males
• What was the correlation between personal fable and risk-taking in Alberts et al's study?

  There was a significant positive correlation
• What is one critique of the imaginary audience theory?

  Many studies suggest the imaginary audience is very real for adolescents
• What does the "new look" model combine in its approach to adolescent behavior?

  Imaginary audience and personal fable as adaptive coping mechanisms
• What is one limitation of the imaginary audience theory regarding gender differences?

  It doesn't account for sex differences in social pressures and concerns
• Why do adolescents engage in more risk-taking behavior than children and adults?

  Due to social influence and brain development
• What was the focus of Knoll et al's study on risk perception?

  Social influence on risk perception
• How many participants were involved in Knoll et al's study?

  563 participants
• What type of scenarios were presented to participants in Knoll et al's study?

  Risk scenarios
• How did children rate risk scenarios compared to other age groups in Knoll et al's study?

  Children rated scenarios as more risky than other age groups
• How did adolescents and adults differ in their risk ratings in Knoll et al's study?

  Adolescents and adults did not differ in risk ratings
• How were all age groups influenced in their risk ratings according to Knoll et al's study?

  All age groups were influenced by others' ratings