classification

• What is schizophrenia?


  It is a severe mental disorder experienced by around 1% of the population.
• How does schizophrenia affect a person's perception?

  It affects a person’s perception of reality and insight.
• What are the two key classification systems for schizophrenia?

  DSM-V in the USA and ICD-11 elsewhere.
• What are the differences between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

  • Positive symptoms: Reflect excess or distortion of normal functioning.
  • Negative symptoms: Reflect a reduction or loss of normal functioning.
• What are hallucinations in the context of schizophrenia?

  Bizarre unreal perceptions of the environment, usually auditory or visual.
• What forms can delusions take in schizophrenia?

  They can involve inflated beliefs about being an important figure or being persecuted.
• What is avolition in schizophrenia?

  It is a reduction in motivation to initiate or complete everyday tasks.
• What does speech poverty refer to in schizophrenia?

  It refers to a reduction in the production and speed of speech.
• What is reliability in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?

  • Consistency in diagnosis across different assessors.
  • Inter-rater reliability measures agreement between professionals.
• What is a Kappa score used for?

  It is used to measure inter-rater reliability.
• What does validity refer to in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  It refers to the extent to which we are measuring what we intend to measure.
• What is criterion validity in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  It assesses whether different systems arrive at the same diagnosis for the same person.
• What is comorbidity in the context of schizophrenia?

  It refers to two or more conditions occurring together.
• What did Buckley find regarding comorbidity in schizophrenia patients?

  He found that 50% of schizophrenia patients also have depression.
• How does symptom overlap affect the validity of schizophrenia diagnosis?

  It questions the extent to which symptoms are distinct to the disorder.
• What did Ellason & Ross study regarding schizophrenia and DID?

  They found that DID had more symptoms of schizophrenia than the schizophrenia group.
• What gender bias exists in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  Males are more likely to be diagnosed than females.
• What did Loring and Powell find regarding gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  They found that psychiatrists diagnosed 56% of males but only 20% of females with the same symptoms.
• What did Broverman et al. find regarding mental health professionals' perceptions of healthy behavior?

  They found that mental health professionals equate 'healthy behavior' with male behavior.
• What did Cotton et al. suggest about women and schizophrenia diagnosis?

  They suggested that women often have higher social functioning than men, leading to lower diagnosis rates.
• What are the implications of gender bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  • Diagnosis may not be based on symptoms but on stereotypes.
  • Undermines the validity of the diagnosis.
• What is cultural bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  • Lack of consistency across cultures in diagnosis.
  • Higher diagnosis rates for African Americans compared to Western populations.
• What did Lehrmann et al. find regarding cultural perceptions of schizophrenia symptoms?

  They found that experiences of schizophrenia symptoms vary across cultures.
• What did Escobar highlight regarding Afro-Caribbean patients and schizophrenia diagnosis?

  He highlighted that psychiatrists tend to overinterpret or distrust their experiences.
• What are the main issues affecting the reliability and validity of schizophrenia diagnosis?

  • Reliability: Gender and cultural differences.
  • Validity: Symptom overlap, comorbidity, and gender bias.
• What does research demonstrate about agreement between psychiatrists regarding schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Research demonstrates that agreement between psychiatrists is low.
• How do comorbidity rates affect the validity of schizophrenia classification?

  They question the validity of schizophrenia classification.
• How does cultural variation in diagnosis rates affect the reliability of schizophrenia classification?

  It questions the reliability of schizophrenia classification.